;dk{0f
æltdLnfO{Æ –
h;n] k|]dsf]
kljqtfdf k};f;Fu t'ngf u/L wf]sf lbof} ,
h;n] k|]dsf]
gfpFdf kmf]x/L v]n v]nL hLjg ;dfKt u¥of} ,
h;n] hLjgnfO{
/;do agfpg] afrf u/L snÍ km}nfof} ,
h;n]
t'R5 ef}lts ;DkTtLnfO{ hLjgdf ;j]{;jf{
7fGof} .
–
æltdLnfO{Æ
of] k|yd k|of; ltd|f] nflu ;k|]d
;dlk{t 5 .
k|fSsyg
a'6jn ax'd'vL SofDk;df k9\bf k9\b} of}6f ;fdflhs pkGof; n]Vg rn]sf]
klxnf] snd / sflk h'g d}n] k'/f ug{ ;s]g h;sf] sf/0f d}n] cfkm\g} rfxfgf /
OR5fnfO{ g} Roft]/ gi6 ug{ ljjz ePF . To;kl5 d}n] pSt SofDk;df dfgljsL tyf
;dfhzf:q ;+sfo cGtu{t Pd=P= klxnf] jif{df cWoog ug]{ qmdd} cbDo pT;fx lnP/
k|:t't pkGof; n]Vg cu|;/ ePF .
ljljw sf/0fn] ubf{ k|:t't pkGof; To; jif{
ck"0f{ /Xof] . Ps lbg a'6jn ax'd'vL SofDk;d} cWofkg u/fpg'x'g] k|fWofks
>L zflns/fd kf}8]nsf] n]vg k|]/0ffaf6 k'g Tof] ck"0f{ n]vf}6sf] :d/0f
eof] . To;} lbg g} d}n] cfkm\gf] ck"0f{ n]vf}6nfO{ k"0f{ ug]{ /
k|sfzg ug]{ lg0f{o lnP/ n]vg sfo{df lg/Gt/ nfu]/ ck"0f{ n]vf}6nfO{
k"0f{ u/]F .
k|:t't pkGof; n]vg b]lv k|sfzgsf] qmddf
;xof]u ug'{x'g] ;Dk"0f{ ;xof]uLnfO{ xflb{s wGojfb 5 .
a]bk|;fb s+8]n -o'a/fh_
5fFof;Fu k|]d
;'jf]b cfkm\gf] 5f]/f] k|df]bnfO{ sfvdf
/fv]/ 6f]nfO/x]sf] 5 / 5f]/fn] afa'sf] h'Ëf d;fb}{ afa';Fu v]nL/x]sf] 5 .
cs:dft ;'jf]b cfkm\gf] 5f]/f]nfO{ w]/} k9fP/ Ps of]Uo JolQm agfpg] sNkgf u5{ .
TolQs}df k|df]bsL cfdf sf]lknf sf]7fdf k|j]z u5]{ / t/sf/L ksfpg] s'g} s'/f
gePsf] atfpF5] . ;'jf]bn] cfkm" ahf/ uP/ t/sf/L Nofpg] s'/f ub}{ 3/af6
lg:sG5 . ;'jf]bn] ahf/df uP/ cfkm";Fu k};f gePsf] ef]nL k};f lbG5' eGb}
t/sf/L k;ndf t/sf/L dfU5 t/ s'g} klg k;n]n] pwf/f] t/sf/L lbFb}gg\ . To;kl5
;'jf]b sfd vf]h]/ k};f sdfpg] / t/sf/L lnP/ 3/ hfg] lgwf] ub}{ sfdsf] vf]hLdf
ahf/e/ ef}tfl/G5 t/ p;n] sfd kfpFb}g / l/Q} xft 3/ kmls{G5 . sf]lknf ;'jf]bn]
t/sf/L glnO{ 3/ cfPsf]df l/;fpFb} nf]Ug]nfO{ gfdb{ eG5] . ;'jf]bn] ca
cfkm" g]kfn ga:g] ljb]z uP/ k};f sdfpg] atfpF5 . cfkm" ef]ln g} ljb]z
hfg] s'/f sf]lknfnfO{ ;'gfpF5 t/ sf]lknfn] nf]Ug]sf] ljZjf; ulb{g . ;'jf]b
cfkm"n] k9\g g;s]sf] / s'g} ;Lk gePsf] sf/0fn] :jb]zdf /f]huf/ gkfPsf] /
cfkm\gf] >LdtL sf]lknf lzlIft gePsf] sf/0f af/Daf/ 3/df emu8f eO/xg] /
cfkm\gf] b'Mvdf sf]lknfn] ;fy glbPsf] a? emg\ a9L sf]lknfsf] 3f]r k]rn] lk8f
yk]sf] atfpFb} dgdg} ;f]R5 t/ cfkm"n] cfkm\gf] 5f]/fnfO{ w]/} k9fpg] ;Lk
l;sfpg], :jb]zd} /f]huf/df nufpg] / Pp6f lzlIft kl/jf/sL 5f]/LnfO{ cfkm\gf]
a'xf/L agfP/ cfkm\gf] 5f]/f] k|df]bsf] ;'vb hLjgsf] sNkgf ubf{ ub}{ lgbfpF5 .
ljxfgsf] ldld{/] pHofnf] ;Fu} ;'jf]bsf cfFvf v'N5 aflx/ yf]qf ;fOsnsf] r'O–r'O
cfjfh ;'G5 / cfkm" klg ;fOsn h:t} yf]qf] ePsf] To;sf/0f 3/df d]/} sf/0fn]
emu8fsf cfjfhx¿ lg:sg] u/]sf] 7fG5 . ;'jf]b lj:tf/faf6 h'?Ss p7\5 / sf]lknf /
5f]/f] k|df]bnfO{ x]5{ pgLx¿sf] cem} cfFvf v'ln;s]sf] x'Fb}g . 5f]/f]
k|df]bnfO{ ;':t d;f5{ / sf]lknfnfO{ lj:tf/} pHofnf] eof] p7 d klg hfg] a]nf
eof] . eG5 . sf]lknfn] sxfF hfg] eG5] , ;'jf]bn] k};f sdfpg eG5 . k};f eGg]
;'Gbf lalQs} sf]lknf v';L x'G5] . k|df]b 3/af6 lg:sG5 , ;x/ k'U5 clg xjfO
ljdfg:yndf k|j]z u5{ p;n] c? klg cfkm" h:t} k};fsf] kl5 nfu]/ ljb]z
hfg]sf] le8 b]V5 . c?nfO{ kl/jf/sf sf]xLsf 5f]/f, sf]xLsf a'af, sf]xLsf bfO{,
sf]xLsf :jf:gL 5f]8\g cfPsf] b]V5 / cfkm"nfO{ PSnf] ePsf] dx;'; u5{ . p;sf] cfFvf kNnf] kl§ Ps hf]8Ldf k5{ . pm glhs}
k'U5 , Tof] hf8L nf]Ug]–:jf:gLsf] ePsf] kQf kfpF5 . nf]Ug]n] >LdtLnfO{
cfkm" rfF8} kmls{g] To;}n] g?g eGb} ;DemfpF5 t/ :Jf:gL emg\–emg\ rsf]{
:j/n] 3'Ss–3'Ss ub}{ ?G5] . p;n] ?Fb} k};f g} ;ayf]s xf]Og , k};f÷;DklQ gf;jfg
5 eG5] t/ nf]Ug]n] Tof] s'/f dfGb}g / >LdtLaf6 ljbf x'G5 . ;a}hgf xjfO
hxfhdf r9\5g\ , ;'jf]b klg hxfhdf r9\5 / p;n] b]v]sf] nf]Ug] dfG5] klg hxfhdf
r9\5 . s]xL ;dokl5 hxfh p8\5 . p;n] c3L b]v]sL :jf:gL dfG5]n] hxfh lt/} cfF;'
v;fNb} x]l//x]sL b]V5 . hxfh lj:tf/} cuf8L a9\b} hfG5 , Tof] :jf:gLdfG5]
lj:tf/} dw'/f] b[Zo x'Fb} x/fpF5] . ;''jf]bsf dgdf s'/f v]Ng yfN5
cfkm"nfO{ t sf]lknfn] xfF;]/} ljbf u/]sf] ;DemG5 / Tof] :jf:gL dfG5]n]
eg]sf] k};f g} 7"nf] xf]Og eg]sf] ;DemG5 t/ sf]lknf k};f eGbf ljlQs} v';L
ePsf] ;DemG5 . hxfh Pp6f 7"nf] ljdfg:yndf uP/ /f]lsG5 hxfF 7"nf
7"nf cToGt w]/} xhfOhxfhx¿ b]V5 . ;a} hxfhaf6 cf]ln{G5g\ . ;'jf]bn] Tof]
ljdfg:yndf y'k|} hxfhx¿ / dflg;x¿sf] le8} le8 b]v] klg st} kmf]xf]/ b]Vb}g .
s]xL ;dosf] k}bn ofq kZrft Pp6f 7"nf] u]6 cfpF5 , Tof] u]6af6 ;a}hgf aflx/
lgl:s/x]sf] b]V5 . p;n] w]/}h;f] cg'xf/x¿ g]kfnL ePsf] kfpF5 . pm klg Tof]
u]6af6 aflx/ lg:sG5 u]6af6 aflx/ x]bf{ p;n] Psbd} 7"nf] ;x/ b]V5 /
cfkm\gf] b]zdf /x]sf ;Dk"0f{ ;x/x¿ ldnfpFbf klg oqf] ;x/ aGg g;Sg] cg'dfg
u5{ . s]xL ;dokl5 lx8\b} hfFbf pm ;x/sf] leq leq hfG5 . pm hlt leq hfG5 p;n]
emg\ 7"nf–7"nf 3/x¿ b]V5 . pm lxF8b} hfG5 , pm kQ} gkfOsg Pp6f 3/sf]
u]6 leq k|j]z u5{ . ToxfF Pp6f dfG5]n] 3/ ;kmf ul//x]sf] x'G5 . Tof] dfG5]nfO{
x]5{ . 3'/ a9f/L/x]sf] dfG5]n] g]kfnL h:tf] dfg]/ tkfO{ eGg] Ps zAb dfq lgsfN5
. ;'jf]bn] klg xh'/ eg]/ Ps zAb lgsfN5 . 3/ ;kmf ul//x]sf] dflg;n] g]kfnL /x]5
eg]/ cfkm\gf] sfd /f]s]/ p;Fu s'/fsfgL ug{ yfN5 . ;'jf]bn] klg cfkm\gf] cj:yf
p;nfO{ atfpF5 / cfkm"n] sfd vf]h]sf] t/ oxfFsf] efiff ghfg]sf]n] af6fdf
lxl8/x]sf] / oxfF af6f] la/fP/ 3/sf] u]6df k:g k'u]sf] atfpFb} cfkm"nfO{
sfddf nufO{lbg cg'/f]w ub{5 . s]xL ;do b'j}n] s'/fsfgL u5{g / Ps csf{sf] ;d:of
Pp6} ePsf] atfpFb} kl/ro u5{g\ . 3/ ;kmf ug]{ dfG5]n] cfkm\gf] gfd cfsfz ePsf] atfpF5
, ;'jf]bn] klg cfkm\gf] kl/ro lbG5 . 3/ ;kmf ul//x]sf] dfG5]n] ;'jf]bnfO{
cfkm\gf] sf]7fdf n}hfG5 / cfkm" oxfF cfPsf] tLg jif{ k'Ug dfq !) lbg
/x]sf] / cfkm" !) lbgkl5 g]kfn kmls{g] atfpF5 . ;'jf]bn] cfsfznfO{ sfddf
nufO{lbP/ dfq g]kfn kms{g cfu|x ub{5 . cfsfzn] d g]kfn kms]{kl5 d]/} 7fpFdf Ps
hgf sfdbf/ rflxG5 , ToxL 7fpFdf ltdLnfO{ nufpg d ;fx';Fu cg'/f]w u5'{ eG5 .
;'jf]bnfO{ sf]7fdf cf/fd ug{ k7fP/ k|sfz cfkm\gf] sfddf kmls{G5 . cfsfz ;fFem
sfdaf6 sf]7fdf kmls{G5 . ;'jf]bn]
cfsfznfO{ g]kfndf htftt} kmf]xf]/ ePsf] t/ oxfF oqf] 7"nf] ;x/df klg
kmf]xf]/ gb]v]sf] atfpF5 . To;sf] k|ltpQ/df cfsfzn] xfdL g]kfndf cfkm} kmf]xf]/
u5f}{ / 5f]8]/ lx8\5f}F t/ oxfF cfP/ xfdLn] k};fsf] nflu ;Dk"0f{ kmf]xf]/
p7fP/ ;kmf u5f}{+ . To;}n] oxfF kmf]xf]/ gb]lvPsf] xf] . olb g]kfnL oxfF gcfPdf
oxfF kmf]xf]/} kmf]xf]/ x'g] / ;kmf ug]{ dfG5] k};fdf c? b]zaf6 Nofpg g;Sg]
atfpF5 . k|sfzn] ;fx'nfO{ cfkm" 3/ hfg nfu]sf] / cfkm\gf] 7fpFdf
;'jf]bnfO{ sfd nufpg cg'/f]w ub{5 . cfsfzsf] s'/f ;'g]/ ;fx' sfdbf/ vf]Hg}
gk/]sf]df v';L x'G5 . cfsfzn] ;'jf]bnfO{ ltd|f] sfd kSsf eof] eg]/ ;'gfpF5 / 3/
;fkmf ug]{ sfd klg l;sfpF5 . cfsfzn] 3/ ;kmf ubf{ 3/df h8fg ul/Psf ljB't
pks/0f;Fu xf]l;of/ eP/ 3/ ;kmf ug'{kg]{ gq cfkm\gf] Hofg} hfg;Sg] hf]lvd /x]sf]
s'/f ;'jf]bnfO{ atfpF5 . cfsfzn] cfkm\gf] tna a'em]/ ;fx' tyf ;'jf]b;Fu ljbf
eP/ g]kfn kmls{G5 .
cfsfz
3/ kms]{kl5 3/ ;kmf ug]{ ;Dk"0f{ sfd ;'jf]bn] u5{ . ;'jf]bn] cfkm"n]
slxNo} cfkm\gf] 3/ ;kmf gu/]sf] t/ oxfF k};fsf] nflu csf{sf] 3/ ;kmf u/]sf]df
kZrtfk dfG5 / cfkm" g]kfn kms]{kl5 cfkm\gf] 5f]/f] k|df]bnfO{ cfkm\gf] 3/
;kmf ug{ l;sfpg] ljrf/ u5{ . ;'jf]bn] cfkm\gf] 5f]/f] k|df]bnfO{ ;DemG5 –
k|df]bn] s] u/] xf]nf < lar/f k|df]bnfO{ s] yfxf a'afn] 3/ lsg 5f]8\sf] eg]/
pm t Ps gfafns g xf] . p;nfO{ k};fsf] s] dtna nufpg, vfg kfP eof] p;nfO{ k};f
lsg rflxof] / < ;'jf]bn] sfd ug{ yfn]sf] klg y'k|} ;do lalt;s]sf] x'G5 .
p;n] ;fx'af6 cfkm\gf] tna a'em\5 / 3/df k7fpF5 . ;'jf]bn] k7fPsf] k};f
sf]lknfn] k|fKt u5]{ .
otf
;'jf]b uPkl5 aNn sf]lknfn] ;'jf]bsf] cefj dx;'; u5]{ , p;nfO{ sfd jf;gfn]
;tfpF5 . p;n] k};f eGbf klg sfd jf;gfnfO{ dxTjk"0f{ 7fG5] . sf]lknfn]
;'jf]bn] k7fPsf] k};fsf] k|nf]egdf k/L k|sfznfO{ cfkm\gf] 3/df NofP/ /fV5] /
sf]lknfn] k|sfzsf ;Dk"0f{ cfjZostfx¿ k'/f ul/lbG5] t/ k|sfz Ps o'js
ePsf]n] Ps lbg pm ;x/sf] Pp6f k;ndf sfd ug{ k'U5 / dfl;s tjaaf6 cfkm\gf
cfjZostfx¿ k'/f ug{ yfN5 . p;nfO{ vfg] a:g] ;Dk"0f{ Joj:yf k;n]n] g} u5{ .
k|sfz lx8]b]lv sf]lknfnfO{ /fte/ lgb|f klg nfUb}g / hltv]/ klg sf]lknf
k|sfznfO{ ;Dem]/ p;Fu v]n]sf] a;]sf] sNkgfdf 8'Ag yfN5] . Pslbg sf]lknfn] k|sfz
;x/sf] Ps k;ndf sfd u/]/ a;]sf] / p;n] k;n]sf]df vfg] a:g] u/]/ dfl;s tnaaf6
cfkm\gf] u'hf/f u/]sf] yfxf kfpF5] . sf]lknf ;x/sf k|To]s k;n k;ndf 8'n]/
k|sfzsf] vf]hL u5]{ . sf]lknfn] k;n k;ndf 8'Nbf 8'Nb} Pp6f k;ndf k|sfzn] rfdn
hf]vL/x]sf] b]V5] . sf]lknf ToxLF k;ndf k|j]z u5]{ , k|sfzn] sf]lknfnfO{ k;naf6
s]xL rflxG5 sL eg]/ ;f]W5 . sf]lknfn] cfkm" ahf/df ;fdfg lsGg gcfPsf]
ltdLnfO{ lng cfPsf] s'/f atfpF5] . k|sfz cfkm" ;x/af6 kms]{/ 3/ ghfg]
ToxfF cfkm" a]sfdsf] x'g] atfpF5 . sf]lknfn] d ltdLnfO{ ltdLn] k;ndf sfd
u/]/ sdfpg] k};f eGbf a9L lbG5' / ltdLnfO{ O:6ldq;Fu cfkm\gf] lbbLsf] 5f]/f]
eg]/ lrgfpF5' hfpm lx8 eG5] . t/ k|sfz dfGb}g . sf]lknfn] ltdL d;Fu guP ltd|}
cuf8L d ljif lkP/ d5'{ eG5] . k|sfzn] sf]lknfsf] Hofg lng eGbf p;};Fu hfg' g} /fd|f]
7fG5 / k;n];Fu cfkm"n] sfd 5f]8]sf] atfpFb} k;n]af6 ljbf eP/ sf]lknfsf]
;fydf sf]lknfsf] 3/ kmls{G5 . sf]lknfn] k|sfznfO{ cfkm\gf] 3/df s'g} s'/fsf]
cefj dxz'; x'g glbP/ cfkm\gf] 5f]/f] k|df]bsf] eGbf a9L ;]jf k|sfznfO{ lbG5] .
sf]lknfn] cfkm\gf] nf]Ug] ;'jf]b gcfpFbf ;Dd k|sfznfO{ kmsfP/} ePklg h;/L klg
cfkm\gf] 3/ /fVg] ;f]R5] . k|sfz la:tf/} sf]lknfnfO{ dfof ub}{ hfG5 / sf]lknfnfO{ 5f]8]/ PSn} a:g} g;Sg] cj:yfdf
k'U5 . sf]lknfn] klg k|sfznfO{ k|]dsf]
gf6s u5]{ , h'g k|]dsf] gf6s k|sfzn] a'em\g ;Sb}g . sf]lknfn] k;n]sf]af6
k|sfznfO{ 5'6fP/ NofpFbfsf] afrf cg';f/ k|sfznfO{ k};f lbG5] t/ k|sfzn] k};f
lnFb}g / k|]dsf] cufl8 k};fsf] s'g} d"No x'Fb}g , h;/L af:tljs dfG5]sf]
cufl8 dfG5]sf] zfnLssf] d"Nof x'Fb}g To;/L g} k|]dsf] cufl8 k};fsf] dxTj
x'Fb}g . k};f , ef}lts ;DklQ gf;jfg j:t' x'g\ t/ k|]d ;Fw} hLljt /xG5 slxNo}
db}{g eG5 . sf]lknf cfkm\gf] afrf dfGg cg'/f]w u5]{ t/ k|sfz klxn]sf] afrf s;d
clxn]sf] cj:yfdf sfd gnfUg] ePsf]n] / klxn]sf] cj:yf / clxn]sf] cj:yf km/s
ePsf]n] gofF afrfsf] s;dsf] cjZos ePsf]n] gofF afrf s;d vfg sf]lknfnfO{ cg'/f]w
u5{ . sf]lknfn] ltd|f] afrf ;xh} dfG5' eG5] . k|sfzn] sf]lknfnfO{ xfdL ;Fw}
;Fu} x'G5f}, ;Fu} lx8\g]5fF} / ;Fu} afRg]5f}F eg]/ s;d vfgf k7fpF5 . sf]lknfn]
s;d gvfPdf k|sfzn] 5f]8]/ hfG5 eGg] 8/n] ubf{ sf]lknfn] k|sfz;Fu ;Fu} hLjg
latfpg] ;Fu} afRg] eg]/ s;d vfG5] . sf]lknfsf] s;dn] k|sfz v';L x'G5 . k|sfzn]
sf]lknfsf] x/]s sfd, x/]s efjgf, x/]s cfjZostf / x/]s rfxfgfdf ;fy lbG5 .
sf]lknfn] k|sfznfO{ cfjZostf eGbf a9L Wofg lbFbf p;n] cfkm\gf] 5f]/f] k|df]bsf]
:ofxf/df ;do lbg ;lSbg] . ljb\ofnodf egf{ eP klg p;n] /fd|f] pknAwL xflzn ug{
;Sb}g . sf]lknf / k|sfz ;x/ hfFbf , d]nf x]g{ hfFbf, 3/df /xFbf /ft lbg h'g;'s}
;dodf klg Ps} ;fy /x]sf] b]Vbf O:6ldqn] sf]lknf / k|sfzsf] ;DaGwsf af/]df s'/f
p7fpg yfN5g\ . Pslbg sf]lknfnfO{ l5d]sLn] k|sfz ;Fusf] ;DaGw s] xf] < eg]/
;f]W5g\ . l5d]sLnfO{ sf]lknfn] k|sfz cfkm\gf] lbbLsf] 5f]/f] ePsf] / pm
cfkm\gf] 5f]/f] ;dfg /x]sf] atfpF5] . l5d]sLn] k|sfz / sf]lknfsf] cg}lts ;DaGw
ePsf] atfpF5g\ t/ sf]lknfn] k|sfz cfkm\gf] lbbLsf] 5f]/f] ePsf]n pm 5f]/f] ;dfg
ePsf] atfpFb} s] cfdf 5f]/fsf] cg}lts ;DaGw x'g ;S5 < egL l5d]sLnfO{ g} k|lt
k|Zg u5]{ . sf]lknfsf] k|lt k|Zgsf] pQ/ lbg l5d]sLn] ;Sb}gg\ . sf]lknf 3/ cfP/
k|sfznfO{ l5d]sL;Fu cfkm"n] lbbLsf] 5f]/f] eg]/ dgfpg ;kmn ePsf] atfpF5] .
t/ k|sfz sf]lknf;Fu a:g yfn]b]lv g} k|df]bn] k|sfznfO{ cÍn eGg] u/]sf] lyof] .
ca sf]lknfnfO{ k|sfz;Fu /x]sf] cg}lts ;DaGwnfO{ n'sfP/ /fVg 5f]/f] k|df]bn]
k|sfznfO{ cÍnsf] 7fpFdf bfh' eGg' kg]{ afWofTds cj:yf l;h{gf ePsf]n] k|df]bn]
k|sfznfO{ bfh' eGg gl;sfpFbf ;Dd k|sfz / k|df]bnfO{ c?sf] cufl8 e]6 gu/fpg]
pkfo ;f]R5] . k|sfznfO{ 3/df k|df]bn] cÍn eg]df lk6]/ bfh' eg eGb} lkl6G5 / olb
km]/L cÍn eg]df gfs–sfg sf6\g] eg]/ 8/ b]vfOG5 . k|df]b lar/f hDdf cf7 jif{sf]
afns g xf] p;nfO{ cfkm\gL cfdf sf]lknf / k|sfzsf] ;DaGwsf af/]df s]xL yfxf
x'Fb}g . p;n] klxnf] rf]6L k|sfz 3/ k|j]z ubf{ k|sfznfO{ cÍn eG5 / k|sfznfO{
cÍn eGg] afgL k/]sf] 5 . p;n] ca k|sfznfO{ bfh' eGg ;Sb}g . k|df]b cÍn eg]df
gfs–sfg sfl6G5 eGg] 8/n] pm k|sfznfO{ s]xL gftf gegLsg} af]Nb5 / ;s];Dd
gaf]n]/} a:g yfN5 . k|df]b lj:tf/} a9\b} hfG5
t/ klg p;sf] afnfkgdf k/]sf] gfs–sfg sfl6G5 eGg] 8/ 7"n} x'Fbf;Dd
/lx/xG5 . Ps lbg k|sfz;Fu} k9\g] /f]xLtsf] a'afn] k|df]bnfO{ 3/df af]nfpF5g\ .
/f]xLtsf] a'afn] k|df]bnfO{ rsn]6 lbG5g\ . k|df]bn] /f]xLttsf] afa'n] lbPsf]
rsn]6 vfG5 / rsn]6 ;fx«} ld7f] eof] cem} 5 eg]/ ;f]W5 . /f]xLtsf] a'afn] ltd|f]
3/df a:g] sf] xf]gL eg]/ ;f]W5g\ t/ k|df]bn] /f]xLtsf] a'afnfO{ pQ/ lbFb}g .
/f]xLtsf] a'afn] lsg ltdLn] lrGb}gf} / eG5 . k|df]bn] lrG5' eG5 . cgL sf] xf] t
< k|df]bn] gfs–sfg sfl6G5 eG5 . c? s]xL af]Nb}g . k|df]bsf] s'/f ;'g]/
/f]lxtsf] a'af 5Ss k5{g\ pgn] s]xL s'/f a'em\b}gg\ . k|df]bn] /f]lxtn] ;w}F
rsn]6 vfg kfpF5 t/ cfkm"n] slxNo} rsn]6 vfg gkfPsf] olb cfkm\gf] klg a'af
ePsf] eP ljBfno 5f]8\g hfg] , rsn]6 vfg kfpg] lyP eGb} dgdf s'/f v]nfpFb} 3/
k'U5 . k|sfz / sf]lknf s'/f ul//x]sf x'G5g\ . pgLx¿ Ps csf{nfO{ cÍdfn ul//x]sf
x'G5g\ . k|sfzn] Psrf]6L dG6f] p7fP/ k|df]bnfO{ x]5{ . lar/f k|df]b k|sfznfO{
b]Vg] ljlQs} p;n] gfs–sfg sfl6G5 eGg] ;lDemG5 / 8/fP/ csf]{ sf]7fdf hfG5 .
sf]lknfn] k|df]bnfO{ ljb\ofnoaf6 cfpFbf ef]s nfu]sf] 5 sL < eGg] ;f]Rg ;Dd
;f]lRbg . k|sfzn] ef]s nfUof] eG5 aNn sf]lknf xtf/ xtf/ ub}{ d}n] t ltdLnfO{
ef]s nfu]sf] Vofn} gu/]sL eg]/ gf:tf agfP/ k|sfznfO{ lbG5] . cgL efG;fdf uP/
cfkm"nfO{ Pp6f efF8fdf /fV5] , k|df]bnfO{ klg lkn]6df /fv]/ lbG5] .
k|df]bnfO{ efG;fd} a;]/ vf eGb} cfkm\gf] efF8f] lnP/ k|sfz ePsf] sf]7fdf cfpF5]
.
;'jf]bn]
ljb]zdf w]/} ;do sfd u/]df w]/} k};f x'G5 eg]/ cfkm\gf] cf/fdsf] ;dosf] Vofn}
gu/L sfd ug{ yfN5 / cfkm"n] k7fPsf] k};fn] 5f]/fn] /fd|f] skf8f nufPsf],
sf]lknf /fd|f] sk8fdf uxgfn] emkSs} x'Fbf /fd|L b]lvPsf] / k|df]bn] ljb\ofnodf
/fd|/L k9]sf] sNkgf u5{ . ;'jf]bn] km]/L k};f k7fpF5 . sf]lknfn] nf]Ug]n]
k7fPsf] ;Dk"0f{ k};f k|sfznfO{ /fVg eG5] t/ k|sfzn] dnfO{ k};f rflxPsf]
5}g ltdL eP k'U5 eG5 . sf]lknfn] ;'jf]b
cfpg] yfxf gx'bfF;Dd cfkm}n] /fv]/ ;'jf]b cfpg] a]nfdf k|sfznfO{ k};f lbP/
kmsfP/ 3/af6 cGoq k7fpg] ;f]r agfpF5] . k|sfz sf]lknfnfO{ cfkm\g} >LdtL g} ;lDemG5
p;n] sf]lknfsf x/]s sfddf klxn] eGbf a9L ;3fpF5 . ;'jf]b cfkm" ca jif{ lbg
leq 3/ cfpg] va/ k7fpF5 . ;'jf]bsf] va/ ;'Ggf;fy sf]lknfnfO{ k|sfznfO{ s] ug]{
, s;/L 3/af6 k7fpg] xf]nf eGg] lrGtf kg{ yfN5 . sf]lknf k|sfzn] 5f]8f];\ eGg]
p2]Zon] k|sfznfO{ klxn]sf] h:tf] Jojxf/ gu/L cGoqLsf] h:tf] Jojxf/ u5]{
cfkm\gf] klxn]sf] gf6sLo k|dnfO{ r'8fP/ 3[0ff ug{ yfN5] – kf]Osf] sdfO vfg
g;s]sL >LdtL / cfkm\gf] sdfO vfg g;s]sf] nf]Ug] dflg; Pp6} xf] eGg
yfN5] t/ k|sfzn] sf]lknfnfO{ jf:tljs
dfof u/]sf] x'gfn] p;n] sf]lknfnfO{ x[bodf /fv]/ cflTds dfof u/]sf] sf/0fn]
ubf{ sf]lknfn] hlt;'s} 3f]rk]r ;'gfP klg sf]lknfnfO{ 5f]8]/ cGoq hfg ;Sb}g .
sf]lknfnfO{ klxn]sf] h:t} dfof ul//xG5 .
;'jf]bnfO{
;fx'n] tna a9fOlbg] cf:jf;g lbP/ 3/ ghfg cg'/f]w u5{ . ;'jf]bnfO{ sf]lknf s:tL
eO{ xf]nL, 5f]/f] s:tf] eof] xf]nf , 5f]/fn] dnfO{ vf]hL/x]sf] xf]nf eGg] sNkgf
u5{ . ;'jf]bn] d oqf] ;do;Dd 3/df ghfFbf sf]lknf l/;fPsL xf]nL eg]/ sf]lknfnfO{
kmf]g ;Dks{ u5{ . sf]lknfnfO{ ;fx'n] 3/ ghf eg]sf] tyf tna a9fOlbg] atfPsf]
atfpF5 . sf]lknfn] tna a9fOlbg] ;'Gg] ljlQs} clxn] 3/df k|df]bn] klg /fd|}
k9]sf] / 3/sf] cj:yf klg /fd|f] ePsf]n] gcfpg eG5] . lar/f ;'jf]b sf]lknfn]
l56f] cfpg eG5] eGg] cf;fdf ;Dks{ u/]sf] t sf]lknfnfO{ ;Dks{ u/]kl5 3/ hfg]
cfkm\gf] af6f] /f]lsPsf] 7fG5 / sf]lknfnfO{ 5f]/fsf] /fd|f] Vofn /fVg eGb} s]xL
;do cfkm" 3/ gcfpg] atfpF5 . sf]lknf s]xL ;do ;'jf]b gcfpg] ePkl5 dg 9'Ss
u/fP/ k|sfznfO{ 3[0ff u/]sL sf]lknf k'g k|sfznfO{ gf6sLo k|]dsf] v]n v]N5] /
cfkm"n] 3[0ff u/]sf] tyf lrQ b'vfPsf]df dfkmL b]pm eG5] . k|sfzn]
sf]lknfnfO{ cGt/cfTdf b]lv k|]d u5{ To;}n] p;n] sf]lknfsf] rfn} ga'emL ltdLn]
dnfO{ dfof u/]klg , d]/f] nflu k|]d} xf] / 3[0ff u/]klg d k|]ds} ?kdf , doffs}
?kd} u|x0f u5'{ . To;}n] d;Fu dfkmL dfuL/xg' h?/L 5}g . ltdLn] af]n]sf s'/fx¿
c?nfO{ g/fd|f] nfUnf t/ d]/f nflu c?n] g/fd|f dfg]sf s'/f klg /fd|} x'G5 lsgsL
d ltdLnfO{ k|]d u5'{ eGb} sf]lknfsf] cfFvf;Fu cfkm\gf] cfFvf h'wfpF5 .
sf]lknfn] cfkm" ljjflxt eP/ klg ltdL cljjflxt k|]d k|fKt ePsf]n] v';L 5'
eG5] . k|sfzn] k|]ddf wg, ;DkQL , hft– eft, ;fgf] , 7"nf], /fd|f],
g/fd|f], ljjflxt / cljjflxt s]xL x'Fb}g . k|dnfO{ gt pd]/n] 5]Sg ;S5 , gt
:jf:gLn] nf]Ug]nfO{, gt nf]Ug]n] :jf:gLnfO{ k|]dnfO{ t s;}n] klg 5]Sg ;Sb}g eG5
. sf]lknfn] ltdLn] dnfO{ olt w]/} dfof u5f}{ . olb dnfO{ sfnn] nu]/ d d/] dg]
k|]dnfO{ sfnn] t 5]Sg ;S5gL xf]Og / . k|sfzn] eG5 ltdLn] eg]sf] h:tf] sfnn]
5]Sg ;Sg] k|]d jf:gfTds k|]d xf] h;nfO{ sfnn] 5]Sg ;S5 t/ d ltdLnfO{
cGt/cfTdfb]lv x[bob]lv k|]d u5'{ ,
ltd|f] ?k of}jgnfO{ geP/ ltdLnfO{ g} k|]d u5'{ , To;}n] ltdL d]/f] 5fofF ag]/
hltv]/ klg d;Fu} x'G5\of} ltdLnfO{ sfnn] nu]/ ltd|f] z/L/nfO{ nfG5 , ltd|f]
of}jgnfO{ nfG5 , ltd|f] ?knfO{ nfG5 t/ d]/f] dgleq ltdL a;]sL 5f} , d]/f] 5fofF
eP/, To;}n] sfnn] d]/f] 5fofFnfO{ nfg ;Sb}g . d t clxn] klg ltd|f] z/L/nfO{
k|]d gu/]/ ltdLnfO{ k|]d u/]sf] 5' , d]/f] 5fofFnfO{ k|]d u/]sf] 5' . clv/
sfnn] ltd|f] z/L/ n}hfG5 ltdLnfO{ nfg ;Sb}g lsgsL ltdL d]/f] 5fofF ag]/ a;]sL
5\of} . d t ltd|f] z/L/nfO{ k|]d u/]sf] 5}g ltdLnfO{ k|]d u/]sf] , 5fofF;Fu
k|]d ul//x]sf] 5' . sf]lknf k|sfzsf] s'/f ;'g]/ bË k5]{, rlst k5]{,
cfkm"n] t cem} ;Dd k|]d ug}{ ghfg]sf] dx;'; u5]{ / cfkm\gf] nf]Ug] cfPkl5
k|sfz d]/f] z/L/nfO{ ;'jf]bnfO{ 5f]8]/ dnfO{ cfkm\gf] 5fofF agfP/ n}hfg] eof] ,
5fofF;Fu k|]d ug]{ eof] eGb} ;f]Rb} n¶ k5]{ . dgdg} k|sfzsf] s'/f em'6f] xf]
5fofF;Fu s;/L k|]d x'G5 < eGg] k|Zgsf] pQ/ cfkm\g} dgnfO{ ;f]W5] t/ To;sf]
pQ/ sf]lknfsf] dgn] lbg ;Sb}g . k|df]b /f]Psf] cfjfh sf]lknfn] ;'G5] t/
sf]lknfn] Tof] cfjfhsf] s]xL k|jfx g} gu/L g;'g]h:tf] u/L k|sfznfO{ x]/L /xG5]
/ k|sfzn] eg]sf s'/fx¿ dgdf v]nfO/xG5] . 5f]/f] /f]Psf] cfjfh emg\ emg\ hf]8;Fu
;'lgG5 . sf]lknfnfO{ km]/L l5d]sLn] s] eGnfg k|df]b /f]Psf] w]/} a]/ eof] eGb}
k|sfznfO{ hfpm lx8 eg]/ pm 3/ hfG5] . k|df]bnfO{ 3/df b]lVbg / sf]lknfn] 3/sf]
l;F8Ldf /ut} /ut b]V5] . 5f]/fnfO{ gb]v]kl5 l5d]sLnfO{ ;f]W5] l5d]sLn] ev{/
c:ktfn nu]sf] hfgsf/L lbG5g\ . sf]lknf xtf/–xtf/ c:ktfn k'U5] 5f]/fnfO{ tfn'df
xft /fv]/ d;fg{ vf]H5] t/ k|df]b sf]lknfsf] xft cfkm\gf] tfn'af6 x6fpF5 /
sf]lknfn] cfkm"nfO{ dfof gu/]sf] cg'ej u5{ . lsgsL p;n] cfkm" nf]6]/
lrRrfO/xFbf sf]lknf k|sfzsf] cg'xf/df nf6L h:tL eP/ jfNn x]/L/x]sL lyO{
5f]/fsf] lrxfj6nfO{ jf:tf u/]sL lyOg . sf]lknfn] klg cfkm\gf] 5f]/fnfO{
cfkm"n] cfdfn] ug'{kg]{ dfof t k/} hfcf];\ cfdfsf] st{Jo klg k'/f ug{
g;s]sf] cg'ej u5]{ . sf]lknf ca ;'jf]b cfpg] a]nf ePsf] ljb]zaf6 p;n] k7fPsf]
k};f klg gar]sf] 5f]/fsf] k9fO{ klg lau|]sf] / k|sfz;Fu cg}lts ;DaGw ufF;]sf]
l5d]sdf klg cfkm\gf] OHht g/x]sf] , cfkm\g} sf/0fn] ubf{ o:tf] cj:yf cfPsf]
k};fsf] – ;DkQLsf] nf]edf nfu]/ nf]Ug]nfO{ ljb]z k7fPkl5 cfkm\gf] 3/ lau|]sf] dx;'; u/L ca k|sfz;Fusf]
;DaGw cGTo ug]{ ljrf/ u5]{ . 8fS6/n] k|df]bsf] 3fp ;kmf u/]kl5 cf}ifwL
nufO{lbP/ kl§n] afw]/ k7fpF5g\ / b}lgs 3fp ;kmf ug{ cfpg ;'emj lbG5g\ . sf]lknf
5f]/fsf] xft ;dfP/ 3/ Nofpg vf]H5] t/ k|df]b sf]lknfaf6 cfkm\gf] xft km'sfN5 /
cfdfsf] kl5 kl5 3/ cfpF5 . sf]lknfn] b}lgs ?kdf 3fp ;kmf ug{ 5f]/f]nfO{
8fS6/sxfF n}hfG5] / lj:tf/} k|df]bsf] 3fp lgsf] x'G5 . ;'jf]bn] 5f]/fsf] v'§fdf
nf]6]/ rf]6 nfu]sf] va/ kfpF5 . 5f]/fsf] va/n] ;'jf]b Ps dlxgfleq sfd 5f]8]/ 3/
kmls{g] lg0f{o ug{ k'U5 . ;'jf]bn] cfkm\gf] 5f]/fnfO{ k9fP/ of]Uo agfpg] / ;Lk
l;sfP/ :jb]zd} /f]huf/Ldf nufpg] p2]Zo 5f]/fsf] x]/rfxdf sf]lknfn] Wofg
glbPsf]n] rsgfr'/ x'g] ;f]Rb} ca 5f]/fsf] x]/rfx, 5f]/fsf] OR5f, 5f]/fsf] Ifdtf
a'em]/ 5f]/f]nfO{ ;xL af6f] b]vfpg] sfd :jo+ cfkm}n] ug]{ lg0f{o ub{5 /
cfkm" Ps dlxgfleq 3/ kmls{g] egL sf]lknfnfO{ va/ k7fpF5 .
sf]lknfn]
;'jf]bsf] va/ kfpgf;y ca t'?Gt} ;'jf]b 3/ gcfpFb} k|sfznfO{ cs}{ s'g} s]6L;Fu
ljjxf ul/lbP/ 3/af6 6f9f k7fpg] dgdg} ljrf/ ub}{ dgdf cg]s s'/f v]nfpg yfN5] .
k|sfz sf]lknfsf] sf]7fdf k|j]z u5{ / sf]lknfsf] 5]pdf uP/ a:5 . sf]lknfn]
k|sfznfO{ ltdL;Fu d}n] cfh dxTjk"0f{ s'/f ug'{ 5 . h'g s'/f ltd|f] eljio /
d]/f] eljio b'j}sf] eljiosf] nflu /fd|f] x'g]5 / d ltdLnfO{ hlt;sf] rf8f] ToxL
af6f]df nufpg rfxfG5' eG5] . k|sfzn] s:tf] s'/f < s:tf] lg0f{o < ;'gfp g
eG5 . sf]lknfn] k|sfz ca ltd|f] ljjxf ug'{k5{ / ltdL Ps dlxgfleq ;'jf]b gcfpFb}
hlt;sf] rf8f] of] 3/ 5f]8]/ hfg'k5{ eG5] . k|sfz cfZro{df k5{ lsg ljjxf ug]{
d}n] t ltdLnfO{ cfkm\gf] agfO;s] ltdLnfO{ d}n] lzGb'/ gnufO{lbP klg, ljjxf
d08kdf g/fv] klg dgleq /flv;s] olb 3/ 5f]8\g] xf] eg] ;'jf]b gcfpFb} clxn]
t'?Gt} 3/ 5f]8\g ;S5f}F t/ d PSn} ltdL ljgf 3/ 5f]8]/ PSn} 3/af6 lg:s]/ hfg
;Sb}g . xfdL b'j}hgf Ps} ;fy 3/ 5f]8\g ;S5f} . sf]lknfn] k|sfznfO{ xfdL b'O{sf]
ljrdf h:tf] ;DaGw /x] klg ;dfhsf] cufl8 xfdL cfdf 5f]/f xf}F , To;}n] d ltd|f]
>LdtL aGg ;lSbg, d ;dfhaf6 efUg ;lSbg
. k|sfzn] ;do w]/} cufl8 a9]sf] atfpF5 / clttdf ltdLn] dnfO{ sxfFaf6 s;/L lsg
o; 3/df NofP/ /fVof} < o;df d]/f] s] bf]if 5 eg s'g} lbg d cfkm\gf]
hLGbuLsf] ofqf PSn} ul//x]sf] , d cfkm} cfkm\gf] ofqfsf] 8«fO{e/ lyP t/ ltd|}
sf/0fn] d}n] d]/f] hLGbuLsf] ofqfsf] 8«fO{e/ ltdLnfO{ agfP, ca d]/f] hLGbuLsf]
ofqfnfO{ ltdLafx]s s;}n] ult lbg ;Sb}g d]/f] ofqfnfO{ cufl8 a9fpg] cyjf /f]Sg]
ltdL dfq} xf} . sf]lknf k|sfznfO{ h;/L klg 3/ 5f]8]/ cfkm\gf] gofF hLGbuLsf]
ofqf z'ef/De ug{ cfu|x ub{5] . sf]lknfsf] cfu|x k|sfzn] ;'Gg ;S5 t/ sf]lknfnfO{
5f]8]/ sf]lknf ljgfsf] hLjg ;f]Rg ;Sb}g . sf]lknfn] k|sfznfo{ cfu|x ubf{ ub}{
;'jf]b cfpg] ;do glhlsFb} hfG5 . t/ sf]lknfn] k|sfznfO{ hlt k|of; ubf{ klg
3/af6 lgsfNg ;lSbg] . sf]lknfn] k|sfzn] 3/ 5f8\g gdfg] kl5 k|sfznfO{ dfg'{
l;jfo csf]{ s'g} pkfo b]lVbg] . To;kl5 sf]lknfn] k|sfznfO{ dfg]{ pkfo /Rb}
of]hgf agfpg yfN5] . sf]lknfn] k|sfz nf]Ug] dfG5], o'js, ana};sf] dfG5] ePsf]n]
cfkm"n] PSn} dfg{ g;Sg] / To;nfO{ dfg{sf] nflu cfkm\gf] cToGt ldNg] l5d]sL
;fyL ;ljgfsf] ;xof]u lng] lg0f{o ub{5] . sf]lknfn] Ps lbg k|sfznfO{ ahf/df
;fdfg lng k7fpF5] / k|df]b ljb\ofno uPsf] ;dodf lbpF;f] ;ljgfnfO{ 3/df
af]nfpF5] . sf]lknfn] ;ljgfnfO{ cfkm"n] af]nfpg'sf] ;Dk"0f{ sf/0f
atfpF5] / k|sfznfO{ dfg]{ sfo{df ;xof]u ug{ cg'/f]w u5]{ . ;ljgfn] k|sfznfO{
3/af6 kmsfP/ 3/af6 6f9f k7fpg ;Nnfx lbG5] t/ sf]lknfn] k|sfzn] cfkm\gf]
;NnfxnfO{ gdfg]sf] / k|sfznfO{ dfg'kg]{ cfkm\gf] afWofTds cj:yf /x]sf] atfpF5]
. ;ljgf cfkm\gf] cfTdfn] cK7\/f] dx;'; ubf{–ub}{ klg ;fyLsf] gftf 5'6\g] /
sf]lknfn] klg cfkm"nfO{ ;d:of kbf{ ;xof]u u/]sf] ;Demgf ub}{ sf]lknfnfO{
pSt sfo{df ;fy lbg] arg lbG5] . ;ljgfn] k|sfz xfdLeGbf Hofbf w]/} alnof] 5
To;nfO{ s;/L dfg{ ;lsG5 < eg]/ sf]lknfnfO{ k|ltk|Zg u5]{ . sf]lknfn] klg
Tof] s'/f ckm\6\of/f] ePsf]n] cfkm"nfO{ emg\ a9L lrGtf k/]sf] / c? s'g}
nf]Ug] dfG5]sf] ;xof]u lnFbf klg s'/f aflx/ hfg] / Hofgdf/fsf] ?kdf h]ndf
a:g'kg]{ ;d:of cfpg ;Sg] vt/f b]v]sf] atfpF5] . ;ljgfn] To;f]eP s] ug]{ t <
eg]/ sf]lknfnfO{ k|Zg u5]{ . sf]lknfn] ;ljgfnfO{ cfkm\gf] dgaf6 cToGt pko'St
pkfo lg:s]sf] atfpF5] . ;ljgfn] s:tf] pkfo eg]/ hfGg pT;'s x'G5] . sf]lknfn]
k|sfz ahf/af6 ;fFem cfpFbf pm w]/} yfs]sf] x'g]5 / p;nfO{ Psbd dfof u/]sf]
h:tf] lgEg nfu]sf] aQLsf] k|sfz h;/L rxsLnf] x'G5 To;/L g} p;nfO{ clGtd dfofsf]
?kdf ;s];Dd a9L dfof u/]h:tf] ug]{ h;sf] sf/0fn] k|sfzn] xfdLdfyL s'g} z+sf
gu/f];\ , cfkm"nfO{ dfg{ yfn]sf] s'/f kTtf gkfcf];\ . To;kl5 5f]/fnfO{
vfgf v'jfP/ rf8} ;'tfpg] . To;kl5 5f]/faf6 s'g} kf]n v'Nb}g . ha k|sfz ahf/af6
yfs]/ cfPsf] x'G5 , pm cfpFbf s'v'/fsf] efn] sf6]/ df;'df ljif /fv]/ v'jfpg]
clg Tof] ljifsf] sf/0fn] p;sf] d[To' x'G5 . ha p;sf] d[To' x'G5 , To;kl5 /ftLg}
p;nfO{ sf]7fdf em'08fpg] clg aNn l5d]sLnfO{ k|sfz em'G8]sf] va/ lbg] .
sf]lknfsf] s'/f ;'g]/ ;ljgf df}g /xG5] . ;ljgfnfO{ df}g b]v]/ lsg gaf]n]sL
d]/f] of]hgf /fd|f] 5}g / < eg]/
;ljgfnfO{ k|Zg u5]{ . ;ljgfn] ba]sf]
:j/df /fd|f] 5 eG5] . To;f] eP tof/L u/f}F eg]/ sf]lknfn] s'v'/fsf] efn] sf6\5]
/ /fd|f];Fu ksfpF5] . k|sfzn] /S;L klg vfg] ePsf]n] k|sfznfO{ Ps af]Ttn /S;L
NofP/ /flvlbG5] . ljb\ofnoaf6 5f]/f] cfpF5, sf]lknfn] 5f]/fnfO{ ;ljgfsf] 3/df
v]Ng k7fpF5], / sf]lknfn] s'v'/fsf] df;'df ljif /fv]/ tof/ u5]{ . ;femF kg{
yfn]sf] cj:yfdf k|df]b v]n]/ leq k:5 / s]xL ;dosf] cGt/df k|sfz cfpF5 . k|sfzn]
ufl8 gkfPsf] sf/0fn] Hofb} yfs]sf] / ef]s nfu]sf] atfpF5 . sf]lknfn] k|sfznfO{
sf]7fdf cf/fd ug{ k7fpF5] . k|sfz w'n} w'nf] ePsf]n] xftv'6\6f, d'v w'G5 /
sf]7fdf uO{ lj:tf/fdf klN6G5 . sf]lknfn] 5f]/fnfO{ efG;fdf n}hfG5] /
l56f]–l56f] vfgf v'jfP/ ;'tfpg n}hfG5] . k|df]b ljb\ofnoaf6 cfPb]lv cWof/f];Dd
v]n]sf] sf/0fn] t'?Gt} e';'Ss} lgbfpF5 . ;ljgfn] klg 3/df uO{ ;a}nfO{ vfgf
v'jfP/ sf]lknfsf] 3/df cfpF5] . sf]lknfn] af]Ttndf /S;L lbG5] / /lS;
vfPkl5 ysfO d]l6G5 eG5] . k|sfznfO{ df;'
klg lbG5] k|sfzn] sf]lknf / ;ljgfnfO{ klg df;' vfg cfu|x u5{ . ;ljgfn]
cfkm"nfO{ Hjf]/f] cfPsf] atfpFb} df;' vfg c:jLsf/ u5]{ . sf]lknfn] klg
cfkm"nfO{ lbpF;}af6 k]6 b'v]sf] / k]6 b'Vg 5f]8]df s]xL ;dokl5 vfg] s'/f
u5]{ . k|sfz sf]lknf / ;ljgfsf] cg'xf/df x]b}{ cfkm\gf] ef]s d]6\g l56f]l56f]
df;' / /S;L vfFb} hfG5 . sf]lknfn] k|sfznfO{ pS;fpFb} ;a} df;' gvfPdf
cfkm" l/;fpg] atfpF5] . k|sfzn] sf]lknfn] cfkm"nfO{ w]/} dfof
u5]{ eGb} ;a} df;' / Ps af]Ttn /S;L
l;WofpF5 . s]xL ;dokl5 k|sfznfO{ ljifn] cfqmd0f ug{ yfN5 / PSsf;L klN6P/ cflTtg
yfN5 . sf]lknfn] k|sfzsf] 6fpsf] cfkm\gf] sfvdf /fv]/ s]xL x'Fb}g eg]/
k|sfznfO{ y'Dy'dfpF5] . k|sfzn] hf]8 hf]8;Fu v'6\6f / xft kmfN5 / emg\–emg\
cflTtg yfN5 . k|sfz cflTtP/ 9f]sf vf]n]/ efUg yfN5 sf]lknfn] aflx/ cWof/f] 5
eg]/ k|sfznfO{ /f]Sg vf]H5] / ;ljgfn] 9f]sfdf r'Ssn nufpF5] . k|sfzn] 9f]sfdf
6fpsf] 7f]S5 / klN6G5 / d'vaf6 lkmh lgsfN5 . k|sfz ljifn] ubf{ a]xf];\ h:tf]
eP/ klN6G5 . sf]lknfn] 8f]/L k|sfzsf] 3f6Ldf nufpF5] / 3f6Ldf Psbd;Dd 8f]/f]
s:5] lj:tf/} k|sfzn] sf]lknfsf] cg'xf/df x]5{ / cfkm\gf] k|f0f Tofu u5{ .
sf]lknf cflTtg yfN5] / kª\vf nufpg] 58df 8f]/L em'G8fP/ k|sfzsf] z/L/nfO{ ;ljgf
/ sf]lknfn] p7fpF5g\ / 8f]/L tfg]/ k|sfz cfkm} em'l08P/ d/]sf] xf] eGg] kfg{
8f]/L s:5g\ / k|sfzsf] nf;nfO{ Ps6s;Fu x]5{g\ . sf]lknfn] cfkm" ;kmn ePsf]
;lDemG5] eg] ;ljgfn] cfkm"n] unt ;fyLsf] ;Ët u/]sf] sf/0f k|sfzsf] xTofdf
;+nUg x'g k'u]sf]df kZrftfk u5]{ . ;ljgfn] ca s] ug]{ eg]/ sf]lknfnfO{ cflTtFb}
;f]W5] . sf]lknfn] ca b'j} hgf lrrfpFb} l5d]sdf u'xf/ dfUg] / k|sfz em'l08P/
d¥of] eGg] eG5] . b'j}hgf /ftL PSsf;L lrRrfpFb} u'xf/–u'xf/ ub}{ 3/af6 aflx/
lgl:sG5g\ . l5d]sLx¿ u'xf/ u'xf/sf] cfjh ;'g]/ xtf/ xtf/ ub}{ ;ljgfsf] 3/df
dfG5]x¿sf] le8ef8 x'G5 . k|sfzsf] v'6\6fn] e'Odf clncln 5f]Psf] b]v]/ w]/} h;f]
dflg;n] k|sfz cfkm} gem'l08P/ pgLx¿n] g} df/]/ em'08fPsf] eGb} Ps cfk;df vf;v';
s'/f u5{g\ . lj:tf/} pHofnf] x'g yfN5 / k|x/L sfof{nodf 36gfsf] va/ k'u]kl5
k|x/L sfof{noaf6 k|x/Lx¿ cfpF5g\ / k|sfz em'l08Psf] 8f]/L, k|sfzsf] prfO{ ;a}
s'/f gfk]/ k|sfzsf] 3f6Ldf cl7\7Psf] 8f/L sf6\5g\ . k|sfzsf] nf; sf]7fdf nDk;f/
k/]/ ;'lt/x]sf] x'G5 . k|x/Ln] k|sfzsf] nf;nfO{ kf]:6df6d ug{sf] nflu n}hfg
ufl8sf] Joj:yf u5{g\ / cg';Gwfgsf] nflu eGb} sf]lknf / ;ljgfnfO{ k|x/L
sfof{nodf n}hfG5g\ .
k|x/L
sfof{nodf k|sfzsf] nf; k'¥ofOG5 / k|x/L xjnbf/n] sfof{nosf] k|d'v cljgf;nfO{
k|sfzsf] nf; cfPsf] atfpF5 . cljgf;n] cfkm"n] lrg]sf] c:ktfndf k|sfzsf]
nf;nfO{ kf]i6df6d ug{ lgb]{zg lbG5 . cljgf;sf] lgb]{zg cg';f/ pSt c:ktfndf
8fS6/n] k|sfzsf] nf;nfO{ kf]i6df6d u5{ / ;Dk"0f{ z/L/sf] hfFr u5{ / k|sfz
ljif vfP/ d/]sf] l/kf]6{ lgsfN5 . 8fS6/n] cljgf;nfO{ kmf]g u/]/ k|sfz ljif
vfPsf] sf/0fn] d/]sf] atfpF5 . cljgf;n] l/kf]6{ uf]Ko /fVg cg'/f]w ub}{ kmf]g
sf6\5 / aflx/ k|sfzsf] nf;nfO{ bfx;+:sf/ ug{ s'/]/ a;]sf dflg;nfO{ k|sfzsf]
l/kf]6{ s]xL ;dokl5 k|x/L sfof{nodf k'U5 tkfO{sf] nf;nfO{ k|x/L sfof{nodf
n}hfg'xf];\ eG5 . Ps ;d"xn] k|sfzsf] nf;nfO{ uf8Ldf /fv]/ k|x/L sfof{nodf
n}hfG5g\ . k|x/L sfof{nodf k'u]kl5 cljgf;n] tkfO{sf] l/kf]6{ kl5 kfpg'x'G5
36gfsf] cg';Gwfgsf] nflu ;ljgf / sf]lknfnfO{ y'gfdf /fVg cfb]z lbFb} tkfO{x¿
cfkm\gf] nf;nfO{ bfx;+:sf/sf] nflu nf; n}hfg ;Sg'x'G5 eGg] s'/f u5{ . Pp6f
;d"xn] k|sfzsf] nf;nfO{ k/Dk/f cg';f/ clGtd bfx;+:sf/ u/]/ 3/ kmls{G5g\ .
Oi6ldqn] sf]lknf / ;ljgfn] k|sfznfO{ df/]sf] s'/fdf s'/f ldnfpFb} k|x/Ln] 7Ls
u/]sf] eGb} cljgf;sf] k|z+;f ub{5g\ .
;'jf]b ljb]zaf6 3/ kmls{G5 . ;'jf]b 3/ cfPkl5
cfkm\gf] 3/df tfNrf df/]sf] b]v]/ cfZro{df kb}{ l5d]sLnfO{ sf]lknf tfNrf df/]/
sxfF uPsL < s] sf]lknfnfO{ t ;Gr} 5 < , s] k|df]bnfO{ t 7Ls 5 < eGb}
PsfPs k|Zg u5{ . l5d]sLn] ;'jf]bn] ;f]w]sf] Pp6f klg k|Zgsf] pTt/ lbg ;Sb}gg\ .
jl/k/L ;'jf]b cfPsf] xNnf km}lnG5 w]/} h;f]n] lar/f ;'jf]bn] ca s] ug]{ xf]nf
< eGb} s'/f v]nfpF5g\ . Pp6f k|df]b;Fu} k9\g] ;d|f6n] ltd|f] a'af cfpg'ePsf]
5 eG5 . k|df]bn] sxfF < eg]/ ;d|f6nfO{
;f]W5 . ;d|f6n] ltd|f] 3/ eG5 . k|df]b afaf–afaf eGb} bf}l8Fb} 3/ k'u]/
;'jf]bsf] v'6\6f ;dfpF5 . ;'jf]bn] cfkm\gf] 5f]/f] k|df]bnfO{ prfN5 / sfvdf /fv]/ 5f]/fsf] cj:yf b]v]/ a/\atL{
cfF;' v;fN5 . Oi6ldqn] lhNn k/]/ ;'jf]b / k|df]bnfO{ x]l//xG5g\ . ;'jf]bn]
5f]/fl;t cfdf vf]O eg]/ k|Zg u5{ . k|df]bn] cfdfnfO{ k|x/Ln] nu]sf] atfpF5 .
;'jf]bn] slxn] xf] afa' < eg]/ k|Zg u/]kl5 aNn O:6ldqn] ;Dk"0f{ 36gfsf]
af/]df atfpF5g\ . ;'jf]b cfkm"n] 3/ 5f]8]/ ljb]z hfg'n] g} kl/jf/ lju|sf]
cfkm\gf] 5f]/fnfO{ /fd|f] agfpg] ;kgf a]sf/sf] ePsf] dx;'; ub}{ 56\k6fpFg yfN5
/ ;s];Ddsf] cfkm\gf] cfvfFaf6 cf;' gv;f];\ eg]/ an u5{ pm c?nfO{ cfkm\gf] b'Mv
b]vfpg vf]Hb}g / otf hfpFsL ptf hfpmF u5{ . ;'jf]bsf] l5d]sL uugn] ;fFrf] d;Fu
5 , cfh xfd|} 3/ a:g'xf];\ eg]/ cg'/f]w u5{ . ;'jf]b cfkm\g} 3/df a:g] lgwf]
u/]/ ;fFrf] dfU5 / tfNrf vf]N5 . ;a}hgf lj:tf/} cf–cfkm\gf] 3/tkm{ nfU5g\ .
;'jf]bsf] 3/df ;'g;fg x'G5 . k|df]b afaf cfPsf]df v';L b]lvG5 / cfdf
k|x/LbfO{;Fu hfg'ePsf] 5 tkfO{ cfPsf] va/ kfPkl5 ef]nL g} cfpg'x'G5 eG5 .
;'jf]b cfkm"n] 5f]/fnfO{ NofPsf] n'uf, ld7fO{, v]nf}gf lbG5 . k|df]b
c;fWo} v';L x'G5 . ;'jf]b ca cfkm" sf]lknfsf] gePsf] t/ 5f]/fsf] :ofxf/
;';f/ u/]/ 5f]/fs} nflu dfq afRg] c7f]6 ub}{ sf]lknfnfO{ h]n leq e]6\g ghfg]
;f]Rb} 5f]/fnfO{ ;'d;'dfpFb} lj:tf/df klN6G5 . k|df]b afafsf] cfudgn] cToGt} v';L
x'Fb} /dfpFbf /dfpFb} lgbfpF5 . ljxfg x'G5 ;a}lt/ cfjfh cfpg yfN5 k|df]b klg
p7\5 / afaf p7\g'xf];\ s] tkfO{nfO{ ;Grf] 5}g/ eG5 , hjfkmdf ;'jf]bn] ;Gr} 5
eG5 . k|df]bn] cfdf cfh cfpg'x'G5 eg]/ afafnfO{ eGb} hfG5 ;'jf]bnfO{ emg\ emg\
lk8fn] ;tfpFb} hfG5 . ;'jf]b cfkm" s]xL vfFb}g t/ k|df]bnfO{ v'jfP/
ljb\ofno ;dod} k7fpF5 / pm cfpFbf gf:tf klg tof/ u/]/ /flvlbG5 . k|df]b gofF
emf]nf, gofF v]nf}gf, gofF sk8fn] ubf{ v';L x'Fbf x'Fb} lbg latfpF5 . ;'jf]bn]
k|df]bnfO{ ;Fu} ;'tfpg n}hfG5 , k|df]bn] lj:tf/fdf cfdfsf] ?dfn b]V5 / cfdfnfO{
;lDemG5 . afaf cfdf xfdL;Fu l/;fP/ xf] gcfPsf] ef]nL tkfO{n] kmsfP/ Nofpg'xf];\
x} d slxNo} cfdfnfO{ b'Mv lbGg . k|df]bsf] of] jf0fLn] ;'jf]bnfO{ ca csf]{
km;fb k5{ of] s]6fnfO{ ca s;/L cfdfsf] dfofF ug]{, km]/L s;/L Tof] xTof/f kflkgL,
gs{tLnfO{ lnP/ cfpg] / s;/L h]naf6 lgsfNg] . pm xTof/f ePklg k|df]bsL cfdf xf]
lar/f k|df]bnfO{ s] yfxf pm s;/L, s] sfdn] k|x/L;Fu uO{ . d}n] ca ldn];Dd
sf]lknfnfO{ 5f]/fsf] OR5f k'/f ug{ klg p;nfO{ lnP/ cfpg' k5{ t/ d}n] s;/L
sfg'gnfO{ ldRg ;S5' , of] afnsnfO{ sfg'g s] yfxf eGb} cg]s s'/f dgdf v]nfpFbf
v]nfpFb} lgbfpF5 . ljxfg x'G5 ;'jf]b p7\5 / cfkm\gf] lgbfO/x]sf] 5f]/f]
k|df]bnfO{ d;f5{ / tF cefuL /}5;\ 5f]/f ;fg} 5Fbf k};fsf] nf]edf / :jf:gLsf]
OR5f k'/f ug{ d ljb]z uP To;kl5 t}n] afa'sf] dfof kfpg ;lsg;\ / ha afafsf] dfof
kfpg] a]nf eof] t]/L cfdfn] k|sfzsf] xTof u/]/ h]ndf k'uL tF cefuL /}5;\ 5f]/f
tF cefuL /}5;\ eG5 . k|df]b p7\nf eg]/ cfkm\gf] xft p7fpF5 . ;'jf]bn] xftd'v
wf]P/ k|df]bsf] nflu gf:tf tof/ u5{ , k|df]b klg p7\5 , xftd'v w'G5 / gf:tf vfG5
. k|df]bn] ljb\ofnosf] u[xsfo{ u5{ / s]xL ;do k9\5 . ljxfgsf] ( ahL;s]sf] x'G5
. ;'jf]b xtf/ xtf/ ub}{ k|df]bnfO{ vfgf vfg af]nfpF5 . vfgf v'jfpF5, sk8f
nufOlbG5 / ljb\ofno k7fpF5 . cfkm" vfgf vfg a:5 t/ vfgf ld7f] x'Fb}g /
ToxL 5f]/fsf] jf0fL ef]nL cfdfnfO{ kmsfP/ Nofpg'xf];\ eGg] s'/f ;DemG5 . ;'jf]b
;/f;/ k|x/L sfof{nodf hfG5 . k|x/L hjfgnfO{ cfkm" sf]lknfnfO{ e]6\g cfPsf]
atfpF5 . k|x/L l;kfO{n] sfof{no k|d'v cljgf;nfO{ va/ u5{, cljgf;n] sf]7fdf ot}
k7fOb] eG5 . k|x/Ln] ToxL vj/ ;'jf]bnfO{ k'¥ofpF5 . ;'jf]b cljgfzsf] sf]7fdf
hfG5 gd:sf/ u5{ . cljgfzn] s] ef] lsg cfpg'ePsf] eG5 . ;'jf]bn] cfkm\gf]
;Dk"0f{ 36gfqmd atfpF5 / pm xTof/f xf], pm d]/f] gh/df dl/;sL ca d;Fu
p;sf] 5fFof dfq 5 h'g 5fFof kljq 5 t/ d]/f] 5f]/f] afnsn] cfdf eg]/ ;tfof] p;sf]
gh/df pm cfdf xf] xTof/f xf]Og / p;nfO{ gt xTof gt sfg'g p;n] dfq} cfdf hfg]sf]
5 To;}n] d h;/L ePklg afnsn] cfdfsf] dfof kfcf];\ p;nfO{ cfdfsf] cefjsf] dx;';
gxf];\ eGg] d]/f] rfxfgf s;/L k'/f x'g ;S5 eg]/ ;Nnfx lng cfPsf] x'F eG5 .
hjfkmdf cljgf;n] olb tkfO{n] ltg nfv lbg'eof] eg] sf]lknfnfO{ h]naf6 lgsfNg
;Sg'x'G5 / afnsnfO{ cfkm\g} 3/df cfdfsf] dfof lbg ;Sg'x'G5 eG5 . ;'jf]bn]
PSsf;L xTof/f a:g] h]n xf], olb d sf]lknfnfO{ oxfFaf6 lgsfn]/ 3/ nu]kl5 d]/f]
3/klg h]n} x'G5 . d k|df]bnfO{ oxLF cfdf;Fu 5f]8\5' / a]nfavt p;nfO{ rflxg]
;Dk"0f{ ;fdfg k'¥ofpg cfpF5' eG5 . ;'jf]bsf] s'/f ;'g]/ afnsnfO{ h]ndf
/fVg lgodn] lbFb}g olb /fv] klg p;nfO{ dgf]j}1flgs c;/ k'U5 . c;/ eGg] zAb
;''Ggf;fy ;'jf]b tl;{G5 , cem Tof] klg 5f]/f] k|df]bnfO{ . cx d p;nfO{ s'g} klg
c;/ kg{ lbGg . To;f] eP s] ug'{x'G5 eGb} cljgf; l/;fPh:tf] u5{ . ;'jf]b lar/fn]
tkfO{ s] eGg'x'G5 ToxL u5'{ eG5 . cljgf;n] klxn] ltg nfv lbg'xf];\ clg
n}hfg'xf];\ eGg] s'/f bf]xf]¥ofpF5 . ;'jf]b d~h'/ x'G5 . cljgf;n] c:ktfnsf]
8fS6/nfO{ kmf]g u5{ . 8fS6/ tkfO{n] Ps nfv kfpg'x'G5 t'?Gt} klxn] uf]Ko
/flvPsf] l/kf]6{nfO{ abn]/ dfgl;s c;Gt'ng ePsf] l/kf]6{ k7fpFg'xf];\ eGg]
lgb]{zg lbG5 . 8fS6/n] xtf/xtf/ ub}{ uf]Ko l/kf]6{nfO{ abn]/ dfgl;s c;Gt'ng
ePsf] l/kf]6{ tof/ u/L k|x/L sfof{nodf k7fpF5 . cljgf;n] cg';Gwfgdf sf]lknf /
;ljgfsf] s'g} ;+nUgtf gb]lvPsf] sf/0fn] y'gfd'St ug]{ cfb]z k|x/L l;kfO{nfO{
lbG5 . k|x/Ln] sf]lknf / ;ljgfnfO{ h]naf6 lgsfN5 . ;'jf]bsf] dgdf k;'nfO{ kf]
lsga]r x'G5 s] sf]lknf k;' xf] / cx xf]Og km]/L pm s;/L dfG5] xf] p;nfO{ d}n]
ltg nfvdf lsg]sf] 5' . xf] of] g dflg; g k;' larsf] s] hft xf] v} yfx} ePg h:tf
cg]s s'/f v]nfpFb} sf]lknfnfO{ lnP/ 3/ cfpF5 . k|df]b sf]lknfsf] cfudgn] c;fWo}
v';L x'G5 . sf]lknfnfO{ b}lgs h;f] O:6ldqn] k|sfzsf] xTof/f eGg] 3f]rk]r
;'gfpF5g\ o:t} 3f]rk]r ;'Gbf;'Gb} Ps dlxgf laT5 . Ps lbg sf]lknfn] ca of] 7fpF
5f]8]/ ;Dks{ ljlxg eP/ a:g] lgwf] u5]{ / pm w]/} 6f9fsf] dfG5];Fu kf]Onf hfG5]
.
sf]lknfn]
5f]8]/ cGt} uPkl5 k|df]b ;fx«} b'MvLt x'G5 . ;'jf]bn] dgdg} ;f]R5 sf]lknf
xTof/f g} xf] t/klg d}n] cfkm\gf]
5f]/fnfO{ v';L kfg{ p;nfO{ h]naf6 lgsfn] pm k|x/Lsf] 3]/faGbLsf] h]naf6 t
k};fsf] andf lg:sL t/ p;nfO{ ;dfhn] xTof/fs} ?kdf lnPsf lyP . pm l;Ëf] ;dfhs}
gh/df xTof/f lyO{ / p;sf] nflu ;dfh g} h]n lyof] lsgsL pm xTof/f xf] . km]/L
d}n] htL nfv vr{ u/] klg p;nfO{ ;dfhsf] h]naf6 lgsfNg sxfF ;Sy] / km/L d
k};fsf] andf p;nfO{ ;dfhsf] gh/df xTof/f xf]Og sf]lknf eg]/ s;/L k|dfl0ft ug{
;Sy] pm jf:tjdf xTof/f g} xf] d}n] k};fsf] cf8df cljgf; / 8fS6/ k};fsf]
k|nf]egdf k/]/ sfuhdf sf]lknfnfO{ xTof/f xf]Og eGg] k|dfl0ft u/] t/klg sfuh /
oyfy{ w]/} km/s s'/f xf] . lbgx¿ laTb} hfG5g\ k|df]b klg lj:tf/} a9\b} hfG5 .
;dfhsf JolStx¿, 5/l5d]sLn] ;'jf]bnfO{ csf]{ ljjxf ug{ ;Nnfx lbG5g\ . ;'jf]b eg]
k|df]bn] b'Mv kfpF5 / dnfO{ klg >LdtLsf] n]vfd} /x]g5 lsgsL d}n] ljjxf
u/]klg 5f]/f] sfvdf eP klg >LdtL d]/f] ;fydf 5}g eGb} 6f5{ . ;'jf]bnfO{
k|df]bsf] :ofx/ ;';f/ ug{ ufx«f] x'g yfN5 k|df]bn] af/Daf/ cfdf slxn] cfpg'x'G5
eGg] k|Zg u5{ , h'g k|Zgsf] pTt/ ;'jf]bn] lbg ;Sb}g . ;'jf]b olb d}n]
sf]lknfnfO{ ltg nfv lt/]/ h]naf6 glgsfn]sf] eP k|df]bsf] hjfkmdf @) jif{kl5 eGg
;Sy] t/ sf]lknf cGt} uO{ d;Fu ;Dks{ tf]8L ca pm slxn] cfpF5] h'g s'/f dnfO{ klg
yfxf 5}g / h'g k|Zgn] ;'jf]bsf] d'6'sf] 3fp emg\ sf]6\ofp5 km]/L lar/f
k|df]bnfO{ s] yfxf d]/f] k|Zgn] afa'sf] d'6'df rf]6 k5{ eGg], To;}n] p;n] af/Daf/
oxL k|Zg u5{ lsgsL p;sf] k|Zgdf afa'n] jf:tf ub}{g, pTt/ lbg ;Sb}g . ;'jf]b
k|df]bsf] x]/rfx ug{ c;lhnf] ePsf] / l5d]sLn] klg af/Daf/ u/]sf] cg'/f]wnfO{
dgg ub}{ bf];|f] ljjxf ug{ k'U5 . s]xL lbg t k|df]b cfkm\gf] 3/df ;fgLcfdfsf]
k|j]zn] v';L x'G5 / ;fgLcfdfn] klg k|df]bnfO{ /fd|} Jojxf/ ub}{ hfG5] .
;'jf]bsf] hLjgz}nL klg s]xL ;'vL x'Fb} hfG5 . b'O{ jif{kl5 k|df]bsL ;fgLcfdfsf]
sf]vaf6 Ps 5f]/fsf] hGd x'G5 k|df]bn] efO{ kfPsf]df uj{ u5{ . km]/L ltg jif{sf]
cGt/fndf k|df]bsf] ;fgLcdfsf] sf]vaf6 csf]{ 5f]/f] hlGdG5 . ;dfo laTb} hfG5
k|df]bsL ;fgLcdfn] cfkm\gf b'O{ 5f]/f / k|df]bnfO{ e]befj ug{ yfN5] ToxL rf]6n]
k|df]bnfO{ dfgl;s c;/ b]lvG5 . pm klg nueu !$ jif{sf] k'lu;s]sf]] x'G5 . pm
kl/jf/af6 dfof gkfPs} sf/0fn] s'ntdf km:5 , p;sf] nflu r'/f]6, v}gL, /S;L,
k'sf/, ;'tL{ ;fdfGo vfgfh:t} nfU5 / pm s'ntnfO{ ;fxf/f agfpFb} lbg latfpFb}
hfG5 . Pslbg pm ck/f/flws ;d"xdf k|j]z u5{ . p;n] ToxfF aGb's k8\sfpg,
dfG5]sf] xTof ug{, hj/h:tL k};f n'6\g l;S5 . p;nfO{ ca csf{sf] Hofg lng s'g} 8/
nfUb}g . pm k'ln; k|zf;gsf] cfFvf 5n]/ dfG5]nfO{ wDsfpg], n'6\g] / dfg]{ h:tf
sfo{df ;+nUg x'G5 . o;}u/L lbgx¿ laTb} hfFbf hfFb} ck/flws ;Ë7gsf] gfOs]
;/sf/;Fu jftf{df hfG5 . ;/sf/n] p;nfO{ k};fs} k|nf]egdf ;]jf ;'ljwf lbg]
cf:jf;g lbP/ ck/flws lqmofsnfk aGb ug{ ;xdtL hgfpF5 . To;kl5 ck/flws ;Ë7gsf]
lqmofsnfk k"0f{ ?kdf aGb x'G5 . k|df]bsf] ca ;Ë7gdf s'g} sfd x'Fb}g .
To;kl5 pm a;df vnf;Lsf] sfd ug{ yfN5 . p;n] a;df vnf;Lsf] sfd ub}{ ToxfFaf6
cfPsf] k};f s'ntdf vr{ u5{ / afsL /x]sf] k};f arfP/ a; lsGg] ;kgfsf] nflu art
u5{ . k|df]b cfdfsf] dfof gkfPsf] sf/0fn] ubf{ p;n] :qLnfO{÷gf/LnfO{ ef]Uofsf]
?kdf lnG5 / gf/LnfO{ cfkm\gf] :jfy{ k"/f ug]{ ;fwg dfq ;lDemG5 . To;}n] pm
/fd|f s]6L cfkm\gf] a;df r8] eg] ltgLx¿;Fu k};f glng], ;Fu} a:g] ug{ yfN5 .
o:t} afgLsf] sf/0f w]/} ;Dd klg a;n] /fd|f] cfDbfgL lbg g;s]sf] sf/0fn] ubf{
a;sf] ;fx'Fn] k|df]bnfO{ a;sf] vnf;Laf6 lgsflnlbG5 . k|df]bn] klxnf n'6]/ hDdf
u/]sf] s]xL k};f / a;sf] vnf;L x'Fbf art u/]sf] k};fn] cfkm\g} a; lsGg] larf/
u5{ t/ k};fn] k'Ub}g . ca pm s]xL C0f vf]h]/ eP klg a; lsGg] lg0f{o u5{ .
k|df]bn] s]xL k};f C0f vf]h]/ / s]xL cfkm";Fu ePsf] k};faf6 gofF a; lsG5 /
a;sf] sG6]S6/ / vnf;L b'a} sfd cfkm"n] ;Dxfn]/ a;df lxF8\g yfN5 .
k|df]bn]
w]/} ;dokl5 cs:dft\ cfkm\gf] 3/, cfkm\gf] afa' / cfkm\gf] ;fgLcfdf / b'O{
efO{x¿ ;lDemG5 . d oqf] ;do;Dd /S;L, k'sf/ / ;'tL{nfO{ ;fyL agfP/ hLjg wfGg]
cfwf/ agfP/ 3/b]lv 5'l6\6P/ a;]sf] !@ jif{ eP5 . oqf] !@ jif{ x'Fbf ;Dd dnfO{
/S;L, k'sf/ / ;'tL{n] PSnf] ePsf] dx;'; x'g} lbPg . ca oqf] jif{kl5 d s;/L 3/
hfg] eGb} dgdf s'/f v]nfpg yfN5 . k|df]bn] Ps xKtf leq} ;do ldnfP/ 3/ hfg]
lg0f{o u5{ . k|df]b 3/ ;lDemFbf ljlTts} 8/fpg yfN5 . oqf] ;dodf 3/ hfFbf dnfO{
c?n] s] eGg] xf]nfg\ < eGb} dgnfO{ emg\–emg\ ef/L agfpFb} hfG5 . k|df]b ef/L
dgnfO{ af]s]/ 3/ hfg] ;flxt u5{ . k|df]b dgdf cg]sg s'/f v]nfpFbf v]nfpFb} 3/
k'U5 . k|df]b 3/ hfFbf p;nfO{ s;}n] klg lrGg ;Sb}gg\ . ;'jf]b lj/fdL eP/
la:tfdf nl8/x]sf] x'G5 . k|df]b ;/f;/ afa'sf] sf]7df k|j]z u5{ / afaf d 5f]/f]
k|df]b eg]/ v'6\6f ;dfpF5 . ;'jf]bn] a/\jtL{ cfF;' v;fN5 . k|df]b afa'sf] 5]pd}
a:5 . qmdzM To; sf]7df sf] /}5 eGb} k|df]bsL ;f}t]gL cfdf / b'O{ 5f]/f k|j]z
u5{g\ . ;f}t]gL cfdfn] glrg]/ sf] xf} ltdL < eg]/ k|Zg u5]{ . k|df]b s]xL
af]Nb}g ;'jf]bn] s]xL ;dokl5 ba]sf]
:j/df 5f]/f] k|df]b lrlgg;\ eG5 . k|df]bn] ;f}t]gL cfdfnfO{ 9f]u u5{ . ;f}t]gL
cdf dgdg} ck/flws ;Ë7gdf uPkl5 d/]sf] xf]nf eg]sf] t lhpFb} cfP5 oqf] ;dokl5
kSs} afa'sf] ;DklTt vf]Hg cfP xf]nf eGb} l/;fpFb} efG;fdf hfG5] . pm efG;fdf
klg a:g ;lSbg] / 56\kl66b} km]/L k|df]b / ;'jf]b ePsf] sf]7fdf cfP/ Ps 5]pdf
a:5] . k|df]bn] ;f}t]gL cdfnfO{ cfkm" ef]]nL g} kmls{g] / hfFbf afa'nfO{
cf}ifwL ug{ ;Fu} n}hfg] atfpF5 . k|df]bn] ef]nL g} 3/af6 hfg] s'/f lgsfn]kl5
aNn ;f}t]gL cdfn] k|df]b;Fu ltd|f] xfnva/ s] 5 < oqf] ;do;Dd s;/L 3/ la;]{/
a:of} < eg]/ ;f]W5] . hjfkmdf k|df]bn] lat]sf] s'/f ljTof] ljt]sf] s'/fn]
lsg afFsL hLjgnfO{ b'MvL agfpg] . clxn] rfFlx Pp6f a; lsg]sf] 5' . hLjg /fd|}
rn]sf] 5 To;}df sG6]S6/sf] sfd cfkm} ul//x]sf] 5' . k|df]bsf] s'/f ;f}t]gL
cdfnfO{ kTof/ nfUb}g / a; sxfF 5 <
eG5] . k|df]bn] ;fFem oxL cfp5 eG5 . s]xL ;dokl5 a;sf] xg{ ;'lgG5 k|df]b aflx/
lg:sG5 / a; 8«fOe/n] k|df]bnfO{ b]v]kl5 a; /f]S5 . 8«fOe/ k|df]bsf] kl5 – kl5
cfpF5 . k|df]b ;'jf]bsf] 5]pd} a:5 / 8«fOe/nfO{ vfnL sf]7f atfOlbg ;f}t]gL
cdfnfO{ k|df]bn] cg'/f]w u5{ . 8«fOe/ vfnL sf]7fdf hfG5 / cf/fd u5{ . ;f}t]gL
cdfn] vfgf tof/ ug{ yfN5] . ;'jf]b / k|df]b ukm ub}{ hfG5g\ . ;'jf]bn] ljutsf]
s'/f ;a} k|df]bnfO{ atfpFb} hfG5 , k|df]b ;'Gb} hfG5 . ;'jf]bn] d cefuL /}5'
eGb} ?g yfN5 . k|df]bn] lsg afaf < eGg] k|Zg u5{ . s'g} ;do d xTof/fsf]
>Ldfg\ lyP / km]/L ck/fwLsf] afa' ag] ca eg\ d eGbf csf]{ sf] cefuL x'g ;S5
. eg\ 5f]/f . k|df]bn] ljt]sf s'/f ljt] ca cfpg] s'/f ;f]Rg'xf];\ . ca k5'tfP/
cfkm}nfO{ b'MvL gagfpg'xf];\ au]sf] kfgLnfO{ km]/L kmsf{pg ;lsGg To;}n] cfpg]
kfgLnfO{ /f]Sg'xf];\ au/] uPsf] kfgL ;Dem]/ cfkm"nfO{ b'MvL gagfpg'xf];\ .
o;} ;dodf k|df]bsL ;f}t]gL cfdfn] vfgf vfg af]nfpF5] . k|df]bn] afa'nfO{
8f]xf]/fpFb} efG;fdf k'U5 . 8«fOe/ klg efG;fdf k'U5 . ;a}n] Ps ;fy vfgf vfP/
;'Tg hfG5g\ . ljxfg ;a]/} p7]/ ;f}t]gL cfdfn] gf:tf tof/ u5]{ / ;a}nfO{
af]nfpF5] , ;'jf]b lj/fdL ePsf] / af6fdf ufl8 nfUg] sf/0f atfpFb} gf:tf lng
c:jLsf/ u5{ . c? ;a}n] gf:tf lrof lnG5g\ . k|df]bn] afa'nfO{ a;df r9fpF5 /
;a}nfO{ ljbfOsf xft xNnfpF5 . a; cufl8 a8\5 / ;a} lj:tf/} 6f9f–6f9f x'Fb}
x/fpFb} hfG5g\ . k|df]bn] ufl8 /f]S5 / afa'nfO{ olxaf6 c:ktfn uOG5 eg]/ af6f]
atfpF5 / afa';Fu ljbf eP/ ufl8df 9\ofk\–9\ofk\ xfG5 / 8«fOe/n] cfjfh;Fu} uf8L
cufl8 a9fpF5 .
;'jf]bnfO{
Psbd} k]6 b'V5 . b'vfO;Fu} ;'jf]b af6f]df yrSs a:5 . ;'jf]bn] af6f]df cfjt–hfjt
ug]{ dfG5]nfO{ x]5{ . s;}n] ;xof]u u5{ ls eGg] cf; ub}{ x]5{ t/ s;}n] p;nfO{
Wofg} lbFb}gg\ . k/af6 Pshgf o'js ;'jf]b lt/} cfPsf] b]V5 . ;'jf]bn] Ps 6sl;t
x]5{, o'jsn] klg ;'jf]bnfO{ x]b}{ cfpF5 . ;'jf]bn] o'jssf] kf]zfsnfO{ x]5{
kf];fs ;fwf/0f t/ ldn]sf] b]V5 . ;'jf]bnfO{ o'jssf] lx8fO, nufPsf] n'uf ;a}
/fd|f] nfU5 / Psf]xf]/f] o'jsnfO{ x]l//xG5 . o'jsn] a'9f] dfG5] yrSs e'Odf
a;]sf] / dlng cg'xf/ b]v]/ s] ePsf] /x]5 eGg] ;f]Rb} / cfkm"nfO{ x]/]sf]
x]/\o} b]v]/ sf]xL dnfO{ lrg]sf] dfG5] t xf]Og eg]/ ;'jf]bsf] glhs k'U5 .
o'jsn] tkfO{ sxfFaf6 cfpg'efPsf] < lsg cfpg'ePsf] < lsg oxfF af6fdf
a:g'ePsf] eGg] k|Zg u5{ . ;'jf]bn] o'jsnfO{ cfkm\gf] ;a} s'/f atfpF5 . o'jsn]
lx8\g'xf];\ d c:ktfn k'¥ofpF5' eG5 t/ ;'jf]bn] ckm\6]/f] dfGb} ltdL sf] xf}
< eG5 . hjfkmdf o'jsn] cfkm\gf] gfd /fh ePsf] / d klg tkfO{s} 5f]/f h:t} t
xf]gL eG5 . ;'jf]bnfO{ lx8\g'xf];\ eg]/ xftdf ;dfP/ p7fpF5 . ;'jf]bn] dgdg}
5f]/f] eg]sf] o:tf] cfkm\gf] t 5f]/f] klg vfnL k};fsf] kl5 nfUg] s'nËf/ k¥of]
oxfF af6f]df NofP/ cnkq kf¥of] eGb} lj:tf/} c:ktfndf k'U5 . /fhn] ;'jf]bnfO{
c:ktfndf k'¥ofpF5 / l6s6 sf6]/ ;'jf]bnfO{ 8fS6/sf] xftdf ;'Dk]/ cK7]/f] k/]df
kmf]g ug'{ eGb} kmf]g gDa/ lbP/ ljbf x'G5 . /fh ;'jf]bnfO{ c:ktfndf 5f]8]/
ljb\ofnodf hfG5 p;n] ljb\ofyL{;Fu ;fyLefO{ h:tf] u/]/ /dfOnf] tl/sfn] k9fpF5 . /fhnfO{ k|foM ;a}
ljb\ofyL{x¿n] dg k/fpF5g\ . kljqf gfd u/]sL ljb\ofyL{n] /fhnfO{ ;fx«} dg
k/fpF5] / /fh;Fu glhs x'g vf]H5] t/ /fhn] ;a}nfO{ ;dfg Jojxf/ u5{ . kljqfn]
/fhsf] ;Dks{ gDa/ dfUg] pb\oZon] /fh a;]sf] 7fpFdf uO{ glhs} a:5] t/ gDa/ dfUg
8/fpF5] / c? ;fdfGo s'/f u/]/ kmls{G5] . kljqfn] Ps lbg /fh d'gf;Fu af]n]sf]
b]V5] / d'gfaf6} /fhsf] gDa/ kfpg ;lsG5 eGg] cg'dfg u5]{ . kljqfn] d'gfnfO{
af]nfP/ PsfGtdf n}hfG5] / cfkm\gf] s'/f atfpF5] d'gfn] kljqfnfO{ ;xof]u ug]{
afrf lbG5] . kljqfn] olb kmf]g gDa/ dfu]/ NofPdf !,))) ?k}ofF lbG5' eG5] . d'gf
/fh ePsf] 7fpFdf k'U5] . /fh c? rf/–kfFr hgf;Fu al;/x]sf] x'G5 . d'gfn] /fhnfO{
sfd 5 o:;f] otf cfpg'xf];\ g eG5] /fhn]
s] sfd < oFxL eg eG5 /fh hfg dfGb}g . d'gfn] lh4L u5]{ /fh hfG5 . d'gfn]
kljqfnfO{ tkfO{sf] kmf]g gDa/ lbg'xf];\ g eG5] /fhn] csf{sf] nflu kmf]g gDa/ ca
slxNo} gdfUg', o:tf] sfd slxNo} gug'{ eg]/ d'gfnfO{ k7fpF5 . d'gf e't'Ss eP/
kljqf;Fu hfG5] . /fhsf] dgdf olb ;sf/fTds ePsf] eP kljqfn] cfkm} kmf]g gDa/
dfUyL pm 8/fpGgyL csf{nfO{ dfUg k7fpGgyL eGg] h:tf s'/f v]Ng yfN5g\ . o;} u/]/
/fhsf lbg laTb} hfG5g\ d'gf /fh;Fu w]/}
glhs x'G5] ,p;n] /fhsf] kmf]g gDa/ lnG5] / ljbfsf] ;dodf kmf]g u5]{ . /fhn] klg
c;n ljb\ofyL{sf] ?kdf d'gfnfO{ ;xof]u u5{ . Ps lbg d'gfn] /fhnfO{ cfkm\gf] 3/
hfg lgDtf] u5]{ t/ /fh dfGb}g /fhn]
d'gfsf] af/]df a'em\5, p;n] d'gf cGo 7fpFaf6 oxfF cPsf] / km'k';Fu a;]/ k9]sf]
s'/f yfxf kfpF5 . d'gfn] /fhnfO{ af]nfpg km'k'nfO{ nufpF5] km'k'n] af/Daf/
u/]sf] cg'/f]waf6 /fh d'gfsf] 3/df hfg] lgwf] u5{ . cfkm" PSn} d'gf;Fu
hgfg] / Pp6f cfkm\gf] ldNg] ;fyL /fx'nnfO{ n}hfg] lg0f{o u5{ . /fhn] /fx'nnfO{
d'gfsf] 3/ hfg cfu|x u5{ / /fx'n, d'gf / /fh eP/ d'gfsf] 3/ hfG5g\ . d'gfsL
km'k' zld{nfn] /fh cfPsf]df v';L JoSt ul5{g . /fh km]/L cfpF5f}F eg]/ t'?Gt}
ljbf x'g vf]H5 d'gfsL km'k'n] /f]s]/ lrof lkP/ hfg cg'/f]w ul5{g . d'gfn] lrof
tof/ u5]{ / /fh clg /fx'nnfO{ lbG5] . lrof lkP/ /fh / /fx'n ljbf x'G5g\ .
d'gfsL km'k'n] k'gM cfpFb} ug{ cg'/f]w ul5{g .
s]xL
;dokl5 d'gfn] /fhnfO{ cfkm\gf] ljjxf x'Fb}5 eGg] kmf]gaf6 hfgsf/L u/fpF5] .
/fhn] ;fgf] pd]/df ljjxf ug'{ x'Fb}g ltd|f] k9\g] ;do xf] kl5 klg ljjxf eO{xfN5
ljjxf ulb{g eg]/ km'k'nfO{ egg eG5 . hjfkmdf d'gfn] cfkm"n] ljjxf /f]Sg
g;Sg] hj/h:tL klg ljjxf x'g] s'/f atfpF5] / kmf]g /fV5] . /fhn] d'gfsL
km'k'nfO{ kmf]g u5{ / d'gf aflnsf ePsf] sf/0f clg p;sf] k9\g] ;do ePsf]n] ljjxf
gug{sf] nflu cg'/f]w u5{ . t/ km'k'n] 3/af6 bafj cfPsf] / kl5 km]/L ;d:of ePdf
b'Mv x'g] atfpFl5g\ . /fh tfkfO{sf] lg0f{o g/fd|f] 5 eGb} kmf]g /fV5 . /fh
d'gfsf] km'k'sf] 3/df hfG5 / km'k'nfO{ ;DemfpF5 / d'gf klg ToxLF cfOk'U5] .
/fhn] d'gfnfO{ ltd|f] dgdf s] 5 < ljjxfdf ltd|f] ;xdt 5 < eg]/ k|Zg u5{
d'gfn] hjfkmdf d xh'/nfO{ dfofF u5'{ / xh'/;Fu ljjxf ug{ rfxfG5' t/ xh'/ / ddf
leGgtf 5 ca cfkm} ;f]Rg'xf];\ eGb} af]nL aGb u5]{ / Ps 6sl;t /fhsf] cg'xf/df
x]5]{ . /fh d'gfsf] d'vaf6 o:tf] s'/f eGb} cSsgaSs x'G5 . sf]xL gePsf]h:tf]
jftfj/0f zfGt x'G5 ;a} df}g /xG5g\ . km]/L /fhn] olb ltdLn] k9]df d}n] ljjxf
gu/] tfklg d h:t} hf] sf]xLn] klg ltdLnfO{ ljjxf ug{ ;S5 . xf] km'k' d'gfsf]
ljjxf /f]s]/ p;nfO{ k9\g] jftfj/0f lgdf{0f ug'{xf];\ p;sf] o;}df eljio /fd|f]
x'g]5 . olb of] ;fgf] pd]/df ljjxf ul/lbPdf p;sf] k9fO{ / zf/Ll/s cj:Yff klg
lju|g ;S5 . km'k'n] olb /fh ltdLn] ljjxf u5f}{ eg] d d'gfnfO{ k9fP/ /fV5' / of]
ljjxf /f]S5' / d'gfnfO{ ltd|f] xftdf /flvlbg] afrf u5'{ elG5g\ . /fhn] vf8ndf
k;]sL d'gfnfO{ lgsfNg vf]Hbf cfkm} vf8ndf kg{ yfn]sf] vt/f b]V5 . ;d:ofdf k/]sL
d'gfnfO{ ;xof]u u5'{ eGbf cfkm} ;d:ofdf k/]sf] cg'ej ub}{ /fh d'gfsL km'k'sf]
3/af6 s]xL gaf]nL 3/ kmls{G5 . /fhn] kl9/x]sf] x'G5 cs:dft\ ljb\w'tsf] nfOg
sfl6G5 . nfOg uPkl5 /fhn] d}gaTtL afn]/ k9\g yfN5 . /fhn] k9\b} ubf{ p;sf]
cfFvf anL/x]sf] d}gaTtLdf k5{ . p;n] d}g cfkm" klUnP/ pHofnf] lbO/x]sf]
x]l//xG5 . /fhn] x]bf{ x]b}{ d}g cfkm" hn]/ k|sfz lbFbf lbFb} l;l4G5 /
lgE5 . sf]7f cGwsf/ x'G5 . /fhn] dfG5]sf] hLjg klg t o:t} d}g hn]/ l;l4Pem}
gf;jfg 5 Ps lbg l;l4G5 eGg] ;f]R5 / p;sf] dgdf d'gfsL km'k'sf] s'/f æ/fh ltdLn]
ljjxf u5f}{ eg] d d'gfnfO{ k9fP/ /fV5' / of] ljjxf /f]S5' .Æ eGg] cfpF5 . cflv/
d]/f] hLjg klg d}g h:t} hn]/ l;l4G5 t/ d}n] s;}nfO{ k|sfz lbg ;s]sf] 5}g eGg] s'/fn] kZrftk x'G5 / lj:tf/fdf klN6G5
lgbfpg vf]H5 t/ lgb|f nfUb}g cg]s s'/fx¿ v]Ng yfN5g\ . km]/L /fhsf] dgdf t]/f]
hLjgaf6 pHofnf] vf]Hg] d'gfnfO{ k|sfz b] To;n] d'gfsf] hLjg ;kmn agfpF5 ,
d'gfnfO{ vf8naf6 lgsfN5, ;d:ofaf6 d'lSt lbG5 eGg] s'/f af/Daf/ cfO/xG5 . /fhn]
d]/f] kl/jf/n] ;xL dfgf];\ of unt dfgf];\ d]/f ;fyLn] ;xL dfg'g\ of unt dfg'g\,
;dfhn] ;xL dfgf];\ of unt dfgf];\ d d'gfnfO{ ;fy lbG5' . d}gaTtLn] h:t} d]/f]
hLjg cGTo gx'Gh]n p;nfO{ k|sfz lbG5' , p;sf] hLjgsf] ;/n af6f], ;'vL af6f]
b]vfpF5' . d of] s'/f ef]nL g} uP/ d'gfnfO{ / km'k'nfO{ eG5' eGg] s'/f dgdf v]nfpFbf v]nfpFb} /fh lgbfpF5
. csf]{ lbg /fh ljxfg} d'gfsL km'k'sf] 3/df k''U5 / cfkm"n] d'gf;Fu ljjxf
ug]{ / ljjxf gubf{ ;Dd k9fP/ /fVg cg'/f]w u5{ . /fhsf] s'/f ;'g]/ km'k' ;fx«}
v';L x'lG5g\ / d'gfn] klg v';L JoSt u5]{ . ;do ljTb} hfG5 /fh d'gfnfO{ lj:tf/}
k|]d ub}{ hfG5 / d'gf ljgfsf] hLjg ;f]Rg 5f]8\5 . d'gfn] klg /fhnfO{ ltdL ljgf
afRg g;Sg] atfpF5] . /fhn] d'gfsf] z}lIfs ;kmntfsf] sfdgf ul//xG5 . hltv]/ klg
d'gfnfO{ k9fOdf Wofg lbg cfu|x u5{ . /fh d'gfn] w]/} k9]/ SofDk; /
ljZjljb\ofnosf] cWoogsf] cg'ej u/f];\ eGg] rfxG5 ToxL cg'?k p;n] d'gfnfO{
Jojxf/ ub}{ hfG5 . /fhn] d'gfsf x/]s b'Mvdf ;fy lbg rfxG5 t/ d'gf sltko s'/f
/fh;Fu n'sfpg vf]H5] h'g s'/f /fhnfO{ dg kb}{g . /fhn] d'gfsf cÍn, xh'/cfdf
nufPt cGo d'gfsf kl/jf/sf ;b:o;Fu kl/lrt x'g] cjz/ kfpF5 / p;nfO{ d'gfsf
;a}h;f] kl/jf/sf ;b:on] dg k/fpF5g\ . /fhsf] ;a};Fusf] /fd|f] Jojxf/, ;/n hLjg
z}nL, c;n afgL Jojxf/sf sf/0f /fhnfO{ x/]s 7fpFdf /fd|} gh/n] x]5{g\ . /fh k};f
eg]sf] t'R5 j:t' xf] k};fsf] k5f8L nfu]df b'Mv x'G5 . k};f gf;jfg\ 5 t/ k|]d
cd/ x'G5 eGg] 7fG5 . /fh d'gfnfO{
jf:gfTds k|]d b]vfpFb}g x[bob]lv g} k|]d u5{ . /fhn] d'gfsL km'k'sf b'O{
5f]/Lx¿ bLlksf / ;f]lgsfnfO{ cfkm\g} kl/jf/sf ;b:onfO{ h:t} Jojxf/ u5{ / d'gfsL
km'k' / km'k'sf 5f]/Lx¿n] klg /fhnfO{ cToGt dfof u5{g\ . d'gf l/;fPdf km'k'n]
/fhnfO{ ;DemfOlbg elG5g\ / km'k'n] s]xL eg]df km'k'nfO{ ;d]t ;Demfpg] sfd /fhn]
u5{ . km'k'n] /fh / d'gfsf] rf8} ljjxf u/fOlbg kfP x'GYof] eGg] ;f]lR5g\ t/ /fh
s]xL ;do d'gfsf] k9fO rn]sf] / cfkm\gf] klg k9fO rn]sf]n] kv{g cg'/f]w u5{ .
/fh l56f]–l56f] km'k'sf] 3/df hfg yfN5 / d'gfn] ;w}Fh;f] cfP x'GYof] eGg] ug{
yfN5] . /fh d'gf l/;fpnL eGg] 8/n] klg ;do ldnfP/ ;s];Dd l56f] l56f] km'k'sf]
3/df hfg yfN5 . /fh km'k'sf] 3/df hfFbf km'k'sf 5f]/Lx¿ cToGt} v';L x'G5g\ .
d'gfsL km'k'n] d'gfsf] eGbf a9L /fhsf] dfof nfU5 elG5g\ . d'gfsL xh'/cfdf
lj/fdL eP/ c:ktfn cfPsf] ;dodf /fh d'gfsL xh'/cfdfnfO{ e]6\g c:ktfn k'U5 .
d'gfsL xh'/cfdfn] klg /fhsf] Jojxf/nfO{ dg k/fpFl5g\ . /fhn] d'gfnfO{ l;Gb'/
gnufP klg d'gfsf] kl/jf/df cfkm" efjgfTds ?kn] lelh;s]sf] cg'ej u5{ .
d'gfsL cfdf ;Ltf km'k'n] u/]sf] /fhsf] j0f{gaf6 g} cslif{t x'G5g\ / /fhnfO{
cfkm\gL 5f]/L lbP/ ;DaGw a9fpg rfxlG5g\ . pgLx¿ klg rf8} g} d'gfnfO{ /fhsf]
xftdf ;'Dk]/ d'gfsf] hLjgnfO{ emg\ pHofnf] agfpg rfxG5g\ . /fh d'gf;Fusf] e]6df
hltv]/ klg k9fOsf] af/]df ukm u5{ / d'gfnfO{ cem k9fOdf Wofg lbg ldx]gt ug{
cg'/f]w u5{ t/ d'gfnfO{ /fhsf] s'/f TotL dg kb}{g . /fhsf] ;fyLx¿af6 e|d0fsf]
cfof]hgf x'G5 /fhn] eg] d'gf ljgfsf] e|d0fsf] s'g} cf}lrTo b]Vb}g /fh
cfkm"n] b]v]sf] :yn d'gfn] klg b]vf];\ eGg] rfxG5 . /fhn] d'gfnfO{
k9fO/x]sf] ljb\ofnoaf6 ljbf x'g] ;do glhlsFb} hfG5 . Ps lbg /fhn] d o; ljb\ofno
5f]8]/ hfFb}5' eGg] ljbfOsf] uLt ufpF5 d'gf uLt ;'g]/ ?G5] . d'gfsf] cfF;'n]
/fhnfO{ /f]Sg ;Sb}g cGttM /fh pSt ljb\ofno eGbf 6f9fsf] ljb\ofnodf k9fpg yfN5 .
/fh;Fu} d'gfsf] 5fFof klg /fh hxfF hfG5 , ToxL k'U5 . /fhn] d'gfsf] 5fFof;Fu
lxl8/x]sf] cg'ej u5{, cflv/ d'gf 6f9f eP/ s] ef] t pgsf] 5fFof d};Fu 5 . d'gf /
/fhsf] e]6 x'Fb}g dfq} kmf]g ;Dks{ x'G5 . kmf]g eg] l56f] l56f] / nfdf] ;do;Dd
x'G5 . kmf]gdf d'gfn] /fhnfO{ af/Daf/ e]6\g cfu|x u5]{ t/ /fh cfkm"n]
cfkm\gf] 3/df Jo:t x'g'kbf{ cfpg g;Sg] ;do ldnfP/ cfpg] atfpF5 . d'gf kmf]gdf
/fd|} ukm u5]{ , /fh d'gfsf] af]nLdf cfgGb dfG5 . Pslbg d'gfsf] ljb\ofnodf ljbf
ePkl5 pm cfkm\gf] cfdf a'af;Fu hfG5] / kmf]g u5]{ , /fhn] kmf]g p7fpF5 t/ cfjfh
cfpFb}g . /fhn] km]/L cfkm} kmf]g u5{ d'gfn] kmf]g p7fpF5] t/ cfjfh cfpFb}g .
kl5 /fhn] kmf]g u5{ kmf]g} hfFb}g g]6js{n] /fd|f];Fu sfd ub}{g h;sf] sf/0f /fh
/ d'gfsf] kmf]g ;Dks{ aGb x'G5 g]6js{ d'gf / /fhsf] lardf kvf{n ag]/ pleG5 .
d'gfn] /fhnfO{ af/Daf/ kmf]g u5]{ t/ kmf]g nfUb}g / d'gf l/;fP/ d kfun ePF xL
xL eGg] Dof;]h k7fpF5] . /fhn] kmf]g u5{ t/ kmf]g nfUb}g . /fh 8/fpF5 d'gfn]
k9fO{ laufnL{ eGg] 8/n] /fhn] d'gfsL km'k'nfO{ d'gfn] n]v]sf] Dof;]hsf] af/]df
atfpF5 / d'gfnfO{ ;DemfOlbg cg'/f]w u5{ . km'k'n] /fhsf] s'/f d'gfnfO{ atfpg]
k|lt1f ul5{g\ . km'k'n] d'gfsL cfdf ;LtfnfO{ kmf]g u/]/ d'gfsf] xfnva/ ;f]lW5g\
/ d'gfn] /fhnfO{ unt Dof;]h k7fPsf] atfpFl5g\ . km'k'sf] s'/f ;'g]/ ;Ltfn]
d'gfnfO{ ;Demfpg] atfpFl5g\ . d'gfnfO{ ;Ltfn] ;DemfpFbf d'gf l/;fpFb} /fhn] lsg
eGg' k/]sf] xf]nf eG5] . s]xL lbgkl5 g]6js{n] /fd|/L sfd u5{ . /fhn] d'gfnfO{
kmf]g u5{ t/ /fhnfO{ d'gfn] ;a} s'/f ;a}nfO{ eGg'k5{ eG5] . /fhn] s] < eG5
d'gfn] Dof;]h eGg] ljlTts} /fhn] a'em\5 / /fhn] ltdLnfO{ kmf]g nfu]g clg d}n]
s;nfO{ eGg] d}n] t ltd|f] k9fO{ lau|]nf eg]/ km'k'nfO{ ;Demfpg eg]sf] dfq x'F
eG5 clg ulNt eP dfkm u/ eG5 . d'gf cnL zfGt x'G5] / d]/f] dfof nfUb}g h:tf] 5
xf] x}g olb nfUg] eP kmf]g uYof}{ eG5] hjfkmdf /fhn] d'gf d ltdLnfO{ dfof u5'{
, ltdLn] eg]h:tf] kmf]gaf6 d dfof ub}{g d t ltdLnfO{ x[bob]lv dfof u5'{ .
ltdLn] s:tf] dfof rfxG5\of} < eGg] k|Zg u5{ t/ d'gfn] /fhsf] k|Zgsf] pTt/
lbg ;lSbg] . ljb\ofno v'n]kl5 d'gf km'k'sxfF cfpF5] / k/LIff glhlsFb} u/]sf]
cj:yfdf cem} /fd|/L k9\g /fhn] bjfj lbG5 . /fhn] km'k'nfO{ klg cln al9 d'gfsf]
k9fOdf ;3fpg / Vofn ug{ cg'/f]w u5{ . d'gfsf] k/LIff cfpF5 h'g k/LIff /fh
cfkm\g} k/LIff h:tf] ;lDemG5 . olb cfkm"n] k9]/ lbg ldNg] eP cfkm"
km]n eP/ d'gfnfO{ kf; u/fpg] lyP eG5 . d'gfsf] k/LIff ;lsG5 . d'gf k/LIff
;s]kl5 xh'/cfdf xh'/a'afnfO{ e]6\g hfg km'k'af6 ljbf eP/ lx8\5] , km'k'n] rfF8}
kmls{g cg'/f]w u5]{ hjfkmdf x'G5 eGb} d'gf km'k'af6 ljbf x'G5] . d'gfn] uf8L
s'/]/ al;/xG5] s]xL ;dokl5 Pp6f a; cfpF5 . d'gfn] a;nfO{ /f]sfpF5] , a; /f]lsG5
t/ a; vrfvr el/Psf] x'G5 . d'gfn] l;6 5}g o:tf] vrfvr a;df hfGg eG5] .
k|df]bsf] afgL g} To:t} ;'Gb/ s]6L b]v]kl5 h;/L klg n}hfg] / k};f glng] .
k|df]b d'gfsf] ?kaf6 df]lxt x'G5 / p;n] Ps dlxnfnfO{ l;6af6 p7fP/ d'gfnfO{ ToxL
l;6df /fV5 . k|df]b d'gfsf] glhs} cfpF5 / pleG5 d'gfn] k};f lbP/ l6s6 lbg'xf];\
eGb} k|df]bnfO{ k};f lbG5] t/ k|df]bn] d'gfsf] k};f c:jLsf/ u5{ . ltdLnfO{ l6s6
rflxof] eg] nf} eGb} l6s6 lbG5 , d'gfn] l6s6 ;dfP/ k};f lbG5] km]/L klg
k|df]bn] d'gfsf] k};fnfO{ c:jLsf/ u5{ . k|df]bn] d'gfnfO{ o:tL ;'Gb/L t d}n]
cfh;Dd b]v]s} lyPg Ps} e]6df olt dfof nfUg] eGb} d'gfsf] of}jg ?knfO{ j0f{g u5{
d'gf dVv x'G5] . d]/f] cfkm\g} a; xf] ltdLnfO{ 3/} n}hfG5' eG5 d'gf d 3/ hfg
lx8]sLnfO{ 3/ gnfP/ sxfF n}hfG5f} < /
eg]/ d'gfn] dhfs u5]{ k|df]bn] 3/ t 3/ d]/f] 3/ eg]sf] ltdLnfO{ eG5 . d'gfn] a;
x]b}{ gofF b]V5] / p;sf] dgdf a;dflns eGg] s'/f cfpF5 . p;n] a; rDs]sf] b]V5]
t/ k|df]bsf] emg{ nfu]sf] kfOG6, d'vsf] k'sf/, k|df]bsf] af:gfTds k|]d /
gf/LnfO{ ef]Uof agfpg] h:tf g/fd|f afgL s]xL b]lVbg] p;n] vfnL a;nfO{ dfq x]5]{
. k|df]bn] d'gf;Fu kmf]g gDa/ dfU5 , d'gfn] cfkm\gf] kmf]g gDa/ lbG5] /
k|df]bsf] klg kmf]g gDa/ dfU5] . d'gfn] lj:tf/} k|df]b;Fu klg ;Dks{ ub}{ hfG5]
/ /fh;Fu klg ;Dks{ ub}{ hfG5] . d'gf km'k'sf]df kmls{G5] t/ cfkm\gf] k9fOnfO{
Vofn} gu/L 3/ hfG5' eGb} lx8\g yfN5] . o;sf] sf/0f km'k'nfO{ yfxf x'Fb}g lsgsL
km'k'n] k|df]bsf] kmf]g d'gfnfO{ lbFb}glyg / km'k'n] d'gfsf] /fh afx]s s;};Fu
;Dks{ gxf];\ eGg] rfxlGyg\ . d'gf k|df]bsf] a;af6 ef}lts k|]ddf km;]]sf] sf/0f
cfkm"nfO{ x[bob]lv k|]d ug]{ /fhnfO{ lj:tf/} kmf]g sd ub}{ hfG5] / /fh;Fu
;Dks{ 36fpF5] . t/ /fhn] Psf]xf]/f] d'gfnfO{ ;Dks{ ul//xG5 , /fhn] d'gfsf] cGo
JolSt;Fu ;Dks{ 5 eGg] sNkgf klg ub}{g . k|df]bn] d'gfnfO{ ljleGg pkfo lgsfNbf
klg ef]u ug{ ;Sb}g / cGttM d'gfnfO{ ljjxf u/]/} eP klg ef]u ug]{ lg0f{o u5{ .
k|df]bn] d'gfnfO{ ljjxfsf] k|:tfj /fV5 . d'gfn] /fhnfO{ 5f]8\g] ls k|df]bnfO{
5f]8\g] lg0f{o ul/g;s]sf] sf/0f k|df]bsf] k|:tfjsf] t'?Gt} pTt/ lbFb}g cGttM
d'gfnfO{ ef}lts ;DklTtn] g} tfG5
k|df]bsf] a;n] tfG5 / x'G5 eG5] . d'gfn] k|df]bnfO{ Pp6f ;t{ /fV5] / h'g
;t{ dfg]df dfq ljjxf x'g ;Sg] atfpF5] . k|df]bn] ;t{ dfGg tof/ ePsf] t/
ltdLnfO{ h;/L klg cfkm\gf] >LdtL agfP/ 5f8\g] atfpF5 . k|df]bn] dfg] /fd|/L
gdfg] ha/h:tL klg >LdtL agfP/} 5f8\g] atfpF5 . d'gfn] 3/af6 cfkm\gf] ljjxf
/fh;Fu dfq x'g] lsgsL /fh / d]/f] ;DaGw kl/jf/sf k|To]s ;b:onfO{ yfxf ePsf]
sf/0fn] ubf{ efu]/ ljjxf ug]{ ;f]R5 / efu]/ ljjxf ug]{ ;t{ /fV5] t/ k|df]bnfO{
/fh;Fusf] ;DaGwsf] s]xL atfpFlbg] . k|df]b klg efu]/ ljjxf ug]{ kIfdf x'G5
lsgsL p;sf] Pp6f a; t xf] g lzIff 5, g Jojxf/ /fd|f] 5, klxn]sf] s'ntsf] ;]jg
To;kl5 ck/flws ;Ë7gdf nfu]sf] ck/fwLnfO{ s;/L 5f]/L lbGy] To;} sf/0fn] k|df]bn]
hlt;sf] rfF8} d'gfnfO{ ljjxf ug]{ atfpF5 . d'gfn] ef]nL g} lbbL– legfh' sxfF
hfg] eg]/ 3/ 5f]8]/ klxn] e6\g] rf]sdf cfpF5' ltdL cfpg' n eg]/ d'gf k|df]baf6
ljbf x'G5] . d'gfnfO{ /fte/L lgb|f nfUb}g p;sf dgdf cg]s s'/fx¿ v]Ng yfN5g\ .
To;} ;dodf /fhn] kmf]g u5{ d'gfnfO{ 8/ nfU5 d'gf 8/fO–8/fO kmf]g p7fpF5]
/fhnfO{ ;a}s'/f eGg vf]H5] t/ 8/fpF5] / eGg ;lSbg . d'gf /fd|f];Fu gaf]n]sf]
x'gfn] /fhnfO{ lgb|fdf k/]sL xf]nL eGg] nfU5 / kmf]g /fV5 . d'gfnfO{ emg\ emg\
8/ nfU5 d}n] /fhnfO{ lsg wf]sf lbP < eg]/ k|Zg u5]{ p;n] pTt/ kfpg ;lSbg
ljleGg s'/f v]nfpFbf v]nfpFb} pHofnf] x'G5 . d'gf 3/af6 ljbf eP/ lbbLsxfF hfg]
eGb} lx8\5] / rf]sdf k'U5] . rf]sdf k|df]b cfO;s]sf] x'G5 , k|df]bn] d'gfnfO{
cÍdfn u5{ . d'gfn] /fhn] cfkm"nfO{ slxNo} cËfnf] gxfn]sf] ;lDemG5] .
d'gfnfO{ /fhn] efjgfTds k|]d u/]sf] lyof] ef}lts k|]d u/]sf] lyPg ToxL eP/
d'gfnfO{ k|df]bsf] lqmofsnfk gf}nf] nfU5 / d'gf klg k|df]bsf] cËfnf]df a]l/G5]
. k|df]b / d'gf dlGb/df uP/ ljjxf u5{g / k|df]bsf] 3/ hfG5g\ .
/fhnfO{
d'gfsf] ljx]sf] af/]df s]xL yfxf x'Fb}g , p;n] af/Daf/ kmf]g ul//xG5 t/ kmf]g
p7\b}g . kmf]g gp7]kl5 /fhn] s[kof dnfO{ kmf]g u/ d ltd|f] hLjgdf hlxn] klg
;xof]uL ag]/ cfpF5' ltd|f] v';Ldf slxNo} afws ag]/ cfpFlbg eG5 . lbg ljTb} hfG5
;fFem kg{ yfN5 /fhn] d'gfsf] kmf]gsf] k|ltIff u5{ t/ kmf]g cfpFb}g . /fh vfg
vfP/ ;'Tg hfG5 t/ lgb|f nfUb}g . ToxL ;dodf Pp6f gofF gDa/af6 kmf]g cfpF5 /fhn]
d'gfn] kmf]g u/L eGb} t'?Gt} kmf]g p7fpF5 . kmf]gaf6 d'gfnfO{ kmf]g lbg'xf];\
s]xL x'Fb}g eGg] cfjfh cfpF5 , /fh crDd k5{ h;nfO{ d vf]hL/x]sf] 5' p;}nfO{
kmf]g lbg' eGg] sf] xf] < eg]/ /fhn] ;f]W5 , hjfkmdf d'gfsf] egfh' eGg]
cfjfh cfpF5 . Tof] kmf]gn] /fhnfO{ d'gf sxfF uPsL xf]nL dnfO{ lsg kmf]g gu/]sL
xf]nL eGg] cg]s k|Zg v]Ng yfN5g\ .
p;nfO{ d'gfsL km'k'nfO{ kmf]g ug{ dg nfU5 t/ o:tf] /ftL kmf]g gug]{ lg0f{o ub}{
ljxfg} ug]{ lg0f{o u5{ . ljxfg} km]/L /fhn] d'gfnfO{ kmf]g u5{ / d'gfn] kmf]g
p7fpF5] . /fhn] ltdL sxfF 5f} clg lsg kmf]g gp7fPsL eGg] k|Zg u5{ . hjfkmdf
d'gfn] cfkm\gf] ljjxf ePsf] / cfkm" clxn] >Ldfg\;Fu} ;'lt/x]sf] atfpF5]
t/ /fhn] d'gfsf] s'/f ktfpFb}g / dhfs gu/ eGbf d'gfn] gktfpg] xf] eg] d]/f]
>Ldfg\nfO{ kmf]g lbpm s'/f ug'{x'G5 eG5] . /fhn] kmf]g sf6\5 . /fhnfO{ cem
klg d'gfsf] ljjxf ePsf] h:tf] nfUb}g , p;n] d'gfn] 76\6f u/L eGb} km'k'nfO{
kmf]g u5{ . km'k'n] kmf]g p7fP/ d'gfsf] ljjxf ePsf] oyfy{ s'/f xf] eGb}
cfkm"nfO{ ;fx«} b'Mv nfu]sf] atfpFl5g\ / /fhnfO{ lrGtf gug{ / cfkm}n]
d'gfeGbf /fd|L k9]sL s]l6;Fu ljjxf ul/lbg] atfpFb} ;a} kl/jf/ zf]sdf k/]sf]
atfpFl5g\ . /fh 5fufaf6 v;]h:tf] x'G5 t/ klg p;n] pN6} km'k'nfO{ lk/ lrGtf
gug'{xf];\ n]v]sf] x'G5 b]v]sf] x'Fb}g / d'gf klg s;}nfO{ n]v]sL /lx5 dnfO{
/x]g5 eGb} ;DemfpF5 . km'k'n] gl/;fpg / k'gM klxn]h:t} Jojxf/ ug{ cg'/f]w
ul5{g\ . hjfkmdf /fhn] tkfO{;Fusf] d]/f] ;DaGw slxNo} 6'6\b}g ;wF}e/L p:t}
x'g]5 eGb} kmf]g /fV5 . /fhn] PSn} d'gfn] dnfO{
lsg 5f]8L, o:tf] Jojxf/ lsg u/L, p;sf] d}n] s] ljuf/ u/]sf] lyP / abnf
lnO{ h:tf cg]s k|Zg u5{ t/ s'g} k|Zgsf] pTt/ kfpg ;Sb}g . km]/L cfkm} eG5 xf]
p;n] dnfO{ wf]sf lbO{, 3[0ff u/L t/ klg d lsg p;nfO{ dfof u5'{, Psf]xf]/f] dfof
u5'{ eGb} y'k|} k|Zg p7fpF5 t/ s'g} klg k|Zgsf] pTt/ k|fKt x'Fb}g . d'gfsf]
ljjxf b]lv Psf]xf]/f] x'g yfN5 . PSn} lx8\g] PSn} a:g], PSn} s'/f ug]{
PsfGtk|]dL aGg k'U5 .
/fh ca em/]sf] km"nnfO{ ;Dem]/ hLjg b'Mv
agfpg eGbf gofF sf]lknfnfO{ km'nfpg'kg]{ ;f]R5 , h;sf] nflu klxnf d'gfnfO{
e'Ng'k5{ eGg] ;f]R5 t/ /fhn] d'gfnfO{ e'Ng Tolt ;lhnf] s'/f gx'g] s'/f ;f]R5 .
/fh d'gfnfO{ e'Ngsf] nflu slxn] /dfOnf] d]nf, slxn] e|d0f, slxn] kbofqf, slxn]
dxfo1df ;xefuL x'G5 t/ hxfFklg d'gf 5fFof ag]/ /fhaf6 cnu x'Flbg . /fh hlt
d'gfnfO{ e'Ng vf]H5 , TotL w]/} 5fFof;Fu dfof a9]/ hfG5 . /fh 5fFof k|]dL x'G5
. /fhnfO{ 3/df ljjxfsf] k|:tfj /flvG5 t/ /fhn] ljjxfsf] k|:tfjnfO{ c:jLsf/ u5{
. /fhsf] a'afn] /fhnfO{ ljjxf ug}{ k5{ t]/f] hf];Fu ;DaGw 5 d p;}l;t ljjxf
ul/lbG5' / t]/f] ;DaGw 5}g eg] d}n] t]/f]nflu s]6L vf]H5' . a'afsf] s'/fnfO{
/fhsf] dgdf rf]6 k5{ /fhn] dgdg} eG5 ;DaGw 5 egf} eg] d'gf cs}{sL >LdtL xf]
km]/L 5}g egf} eg] pmF d]/f] 5fFof ag]/ d;Fu} 5] s] egf} s] egf} eGb} b'ljwfdf
k5{ . /fhn] a'afnfO{ clxn] cfkm\gf] ljjxf x'g g;Sg] atfpF5 . /fhsf] :jf:Yo
l:ylt lbg k|ltlbg lju|Fb} hfG5 . /fhsf] a'afn] /fhnfO{ pkrf/sf] nflu c:ktfn
n}hfg'x'G5 /fhnfO{ c:ktfnn] egf{ u/L /fV5 / /fhnfO{ dfgl;s rf]6sf] sf/0f
:jf:Yodf ;d:of cfPsf] l/kf]6{ lgsfN5 / dfgl;s ?kdf pkrf/ u5{ . c:ktfnn]
/fhnfO{{ !% lbg kZrft\ l8;\rfh{ u5{ . /fhnfO{ dfgl;s rf]6 knf{ eGg] 8/n] /fhnfO{
kl/jf/af6 ljjxfsf] bjfj lbg 5f]l8G5 . /fh cfkm\gf] klxnf] k|]d d'gfnfO{ lbPsfn]
ca ljjxf ubf{ d'gfsf] 5fFofn] >LdtLnfO{ k|]d ug{ 5]Sg] / h;sf] sf/0f c?sf]
hLGbuL ajf{b x'g] x'Fbf d'gfsf] 5fFofnfO{ x6fPkl5 dfq cfkm"n] ljjxf ug]{
lg0f{o u5{ . /fhsf y'k|} jif{x¿ laTb} hfG5g\ t/ p;n] d'gfsf] 5fFofnfO{
cfkm"af6 x6fpg ;Sb}g , 5fFof;Fu k|]d ul/g} /xG5 . /fhnfO{ 3/kl/jf/,
5/l5d]s tyf ;fyLx¿n] ljjxf ug{ cg'/f]w u5{g\ t/ /fhn] ljjxf ub}{ . /fhnfO{
PSnf] eG5g\ t/ /fh cfkm" PSnf] geP/ d'gfsf] 5fFof;Fu v]nL/x]sf], 8'nL/x]sf],
lbg s6fO/x]sf] cg'ej u5{ .
k|df]b Pslbg ;fyLsf] nxnx}df nfu]/
/]i6'/]G6df a:g k'U5 hxfF of}gsdL{;Fu} k|df]bn] /S;L vfG5 / of}gsdL{;Fu} /ft
ljtfpF5 . k|df]bnfO{ /]i6'/]G6df /ft ljtfpg] / gofF gofF of}gsdL{;Fu} ;xaf;
ug]{ nt a:5 h;sf] sf/0f k|df]b 3/df sd ;do dfq hfG5 w]/} h;f] /ftsf] ;do
/]i6'/]G6df ljtfpg yfN5 . k|df]b lj:tf/} b'AnfpFb} hfG5 / p;nfO{ :jf:Yo ;d:of
b]lvg k'U5 / pm c:ktfndf egf{ x'G5 , p;sf] /ut kl/If0f ubf{ Pr\=cfO{=eL= P8\;
/f]u nfu]sf] kTtf nfUb5 . k|df]b lgs} lrGtfdf kb{5 . k|df]bsf] PSsf;L dg
kl/jt{g x'G5 . p;n] cfkm\gf] /f]u uf]Ko /fVg] / xfF;L v';L afFsL hLjg ljtfpg]
tfsL s;}nfO{ cfkm\gf] /f]usf] af/]df yfxf gxf];\ eGg] of]hgfsf ;fy klxn]s}
h:tf] hLjg ljtfpg yfNb5 . d'gfnfO{ klg s]xL ;dokl5 :jf:Yo ;d:of b]lvG5 . d'gf
c:ktfn hfg vf]H5] t/ k|df]b d'gfnfO{ /f]s]/ c:ktfn hfg lbFb}g / cfkm}n] cf}ifwL
NofOlbg] atfpF5 . k|df]bn] d'gf c:ktfn uPdf p;nfO{ nfu]sf] Pr\=cfO{=eL=P8\; /f]usf] hfgsf/L x'g] / h;sf]
sf/0f afFsL hLjg emg hl6n x'g] x'gfn] h;/L eP klg d'gfnfO{ c:ktfn hfg glbg]
lg0f{o ub}{ d'gfnfO{ rflxg] cf}ifwL cfkm} c:ktfnaf6 NofOlbg] ub{5 . k|df]bn]
PlG6 /]6«f] efO/n cf}ifwL lnP/ cfO{ d'gfnfO{ lgoldt vfPdf o;}n] lgsf] x'g]
atfpF5 . d'gfn] pSt cf}ifwL lgoldt vfG5] t/ p;nfO{ ;Grf] x'Fb}g . Pslbg k|df]b
3/ gePsf] ;dodf d'gfn] Pshgf glhs}sf] 8fS6/nfO{ cfkm"n] vfPsf] cf}ifwL
b]vfP/ of] cf}ifwLn] cfkm"nfO{ ;Grf] gu/]sf] atfpF5] . 8fS6/n] pSt PG6L
/]6«f] efO/n cf}ifwL b]v]kl5 PG6L /]6«f] efO/n cf}ifwL t Pr\=cfO=eL= P8\;
nfu]sfn] kf] vfg] xf] ls d'gfnfO{ klg Pr\=cfO=eL= P8\; nfu]sf] t 5}g < 8fS6/
df}g /x]sf] b]v]/ d'gfn] lsg 8fS6/ s]xL gaf]n]sf] < eGg] k|Zg u5]{ . 8fS6/n]
s]xL klg xf]Og egL s'/f tsf{pFb} tkfO{nfO{ vf; To:tf] s]xL ePsf] 5}g Psrf]6L
tkfO{sf] /ut k/LIf0f ug'{k5{ egL d'gfnfO{ /ut k/LIf0f ug{ ;Nnfx lbG5 . d'gf Psrf]6L
/ut k/LIf0f ug{ hfG5' eGb} 8fS6/af6 ljbf x'G5] / 3/ kmls{G5] . d'gfnfO{ dgdf
lrGtf kg{ yfN5 . d'gf Psf]xf]/f] eP/ a:5] , k|df]b 3/df cfpF5 t/ d'gf gaf]lnsg
a:b5] . k|df]bn] d'gfnfO{ daf6 s] ulNt eof] / o;/L l/;fPsL eGb} d'gfnfO{
kmsfpF5 lar/f d'gf s]xL xf]Og vfnL lrGtf xfdL b'j}nfO{ lj/fdL kf/]/ lsg b'Mv
lbPsf] xf]nf eGb} ?g yfN5] k|df]bn] b}jsf] cufl8 s:sf] s] nfU5 / s'g} dfG5]n]
o:tf] xfnt agfPsf] eP d To;sf] 5ftLdf uf]nL xfgL dfl/lbGy] t/ b}jsf] cufl8 d}n]
cfkm"nfO{ lgx'/fpg k¥of] d'gf d s] u? ltdL cfkm} eg d'gf d s] u?
================= . dnfO{ 8fS6/n] Psrf6L /ut k/LIf0f ug{ eg]sf] 5 sxfF hfg]
xf]nf < k|df]b egt eGb} d'gf k|df]bsf] sfvdf 3f]lK6P/ ?g yfN5] . k|df]bn]
s;sf] /ut s;sf] /ut eGb} s/fpg yfN5 p;nfO{ cfkm"n] uf]Ko /fVg vf]h]sf]
s'/f d'gfn] yfxf kfO{ eGg] nfU5 / ?g yfN5 . d'gfn] k|df]bsf] cfFvfdf cfF;' b]Vg
;lSbg / cfkm\gf] lk/n] k|df]b /f]Psf] 7fg]/ dnfO{ s]xL ePsf] 5}g ltdL lsg
/f]Psf] k|df]b eGb} k|df]bnfO{ ;Demfpg vf]H5] . k|df]bn] ?Fb} ltdLnfO{ s]
s'/fn] /ut k/LIf0f ug'{k¥of] dnfO{ g9f6L eg d'gf . d'gfn] 8fS6/nfO{
cfkm"n] vfPsf] cf}ifwL b]vfPkl5 8fS6/n] vf;} s]xL gePsf] t/ Psrf]6L /ut
k/LIf0f ug{ ;Nnfx lbPsf] atfpF5] . k|df]b vf8naf6 lg:s]sf] cg'ej ub}{ dgdg}
cfkm\gf] uf]kgLotf cem} eË gePsf] t/ 8fS6/;Fu s'/f ldnfP/ d'gfsf] /ut k/LIf0f
u/L d'gfaf6 ;To s'/f n'sfpgsf] nflu 8fS6/nfO{ k|of]u ug'{kg]{ lg0f{odf k'U5 .
k|df]bn] ltd|f] /ut k/LIf0fsf] nflu d ef]nL uP/ c:ktfndf l6s6 sf6]/ kms{G5' clg
k;L{ ;Fu} c:ktfn hfg] x} d'gf cat xf;g d'gf . k|df]bsf] s'/fn] d'gf grfxfFbf
grfxfFb} d'v vf]n]/ xf;]sf] h:tf] u5]{ . csf]{ lbg ljxfg} k|df]b c:ktfndf k'U5
/ 8fS6/nfO{ k|df]bn] tkfO{;Fu s]xL sfd 5 egL PSn} sf]7fdf n}hfG5 / uf]Ko s'/f 5
egL 8fS6/nfO{ lnP/ sf]7fdf hfG5 . k|df]bn] 8fS6/nfO{ d'gfsf] /ut k/LIf0f u/L
unt l/kf]6{ lbg cg'/f]w u5{ . 8fS6/ k|df]bsf] s'/fdf ;xdt x'Fb}g / p;n] ;"rgfsf]
xs ;a}nfO{ ePsf] atfpFb} /f]uLnfO{ cfkm\gf] /f]usf] ;Totf n'sfpg gldNg] atfpF5
. k|df]b 8fS6/;Fu l/;fpFb} d'gfnfO{ /f]u n'sfpg' kg]{ afWotf /x]sf] / olb
tkfO{n] p;sf] /ut k/LIf0f u/L jf:tljs s'/f atfPdf k]:tf]n lgsfn]/ d klxn] tkfO{nfO{
df5'{ clg cfkm"n] cfkm}nfO{ uf]nL xfgL
oxL c:ktfnd} cfTdxTof ug]{ To:tf] cj:yfdf lar/f d'gfsf] hLjg emg si6s/
x'g] atfpF5 . tkfO{nfO{ d]/f] cfTdxTof rflxPsf] 5 eg] unt l/kf]6{ gagfpg' h;n]
tkfO{sf] klg d[To' x'g]5 eGb} k|df]bn] 8fS6/sf] sGr6df k]:tf]n tfS5 k|df]b
km]/L sGr6df tfs]sf] k]:tf]n la:tf/} tn emf5{ . 8fS6/ tkfO{ eGg'xf];\ olb d]/f]
h:t} cj:yf tkfO{sf] eP tkfO{ klg d h:t} ug'{x'GYof] hf] s;}n] o:t} uYof]{ .
k|df]b ltd|f] s'/f d}n] a'em] t/ d]/f] g}ltstfn] unt l/kf]6{ agfpg lbFb}g d s] u?
k|df]b ltdL cfkm} eg . xf] tkfO{sf] g}ltstfsf] s'/f l7s} xf] t/ tkfO{n]
cfkm\gf] g}ltstfnfO{ tf]8\bf d]/f] / d'gfsf] afFsL hLjg /f]un] vfPklg sDtLdf d
ljgfsf] hLjg t p;n] hLpg kb}{g . To;}n] tkfO{n] cfkm\gf] g}ltstfnfO{
tf]8\g'xf];\ . k|df]b d ltd|f] s'/fn] xf/] k|df]b d cg}lts sfddf hfgL hfgL xft
xfNb}5' klxnf] k6s eGb} 8fS6/n] afWofTds cj:yfn] ubf{ ;xdt hgfpF5 . 8fS6/sf] s'/fn] k|df]b v';L
x'Fb} k]:tf]n sk8fn] 9fs]/ n'sfpF5 / 3/ kmls{G5 . d'gfn] k|df]bnfO{ c:ktfndf
l6s6 sf6\g'eof] eg]/ ;f]W5] hjfkmdf k|df]bn] sfF6] eG5 . k|df]bn] c:ktfndf
la/fdLsf] le8sf] sf/0fn] ubf{ rfF8} kms{G5' eGbf eGb} ca]/ eof] s] ltdL d;Fu
l/;fPsL t 5}gf} < d'gfn] hjfkmdf cfkm\g} b]jtf;Fu l/;fP/ s] ug'{ s;nfO{ k'hf
ug'{ d]/f] c? sf] 5 / tkfO{ afx]s eG5] . d'gfn] k|df]b / cfkm" b'j}nfO{
vfgf nufP/ cfpF5] clg efG;fdf hfp k|df]b eG5] . k|df]bn] vfg dg nfu]sf] 5}g
ltdL vfpm d'gf eG5 t/ d'gfn] PSn} vfgf gvfg] a? cfkm"klg ef]s} ;'Tg]
atfpF5] . d'gfsf] s'/f ;'g]kl5 k|df]b vfgf vfg hfpm lx8 eGb} efG;fdf hfG5 .
b'j}n] vfgf vfP/ ;'T5g\ . ljxfgsf] ldld{/];Fu} k|df]bsf] cfFvf v'N5 . k|df]bn]
d'gfnfO{ p7fpF5 / d'gf cfh xfdL /fhwfgLdf /x]sf] 7"nf] c:ktfndf pkrf/ ug{
hfFb}5f} l56f] p7 ca]/ x'G5 . d'gf xtkt ub}{ p7\5] / cfkm\gf] / nf]Ug]sf]
pkrf/kZrft\ :j:y hLGbuLsf] sNkgf ub{5] . k|df]bsf] cfkm\g} a; cfpF5 / k|df]bsf]
3/ cuf8L /f]lsG5 . d'gfn] l56f] l56f] vfgf tof/ u5]{ / ;a}nfO{ v'jfP/
cfkm"n] klg vfg yfN5] . d'gfsf] v';L b]v]/ k|df]b bË k5{ t/ s]xL af]Nb}g .
8«fOe/n] l56f] u/f}F gq xfdL /fhwfgLsf] c:ktfndf k'Ubf cWof/f] x'g] / cWof/f]df
b'Mv x'g] atfpF5 . ;a}hgf l56f] l56f] u/L a;df a:5g\ . d'gf klg xtf/ xtf/ u/]/
a;df a:b5] . 8«fOe/n] a; lx8fNg yfN5 / xg{ ahfpF5 . k|df]bn] /fhwfgL ;x/
/fhwfgL ;x/ eGb} hf]8 – hf]8n] lrRrfpFb} a;sf] 9f]sf ahfpF5 . 9f]sfsf] 9\ofk –
9\ofk cfjfh;Fu} 8«fOe/n] a;nfO{ cuf8L a9fpFb} hfG5 . a;df ofq'sf] rfk a9\b}
hfG5 ;Dk"0f{ a;sf l;6 ofq'n] el/G5g\ . /fh
/fhwfgL hfgsf] nflu uf8L s'/L/x]sf] x'G5 . p af6f]df ufl8 s'/]/
pleO/x]sf] x'G5 . k|df]bsf] a; /fhsf] cuf8L cfpF5 /fhn] xftsf] O;f/fn] a;nfO{
/f]sfpF5 . k|df]bn] sxfF hfg] xf] < eg]/ ;f]W5 hjfkmdf /fhn] hfg] t /fhwfgL
;x/ xf] t/ a;df l;6 vfnL /x]g5 csf]{ a;df cfpFnf eG5 . k|df]bn] leq lx8\g'xf];\
d tkfO{nfO{ l;6 ldnfpF5' eg]/ k|df]bsf] emf]nf ha/h:tL xftaf6 tfg]/ cfpg'xf];\
– cfpg'xf];\ eGb} a; leq k:5 . k|df]b klg o:tf] Kofs a;df s;/L hfg ;lsG5 eGb}
k|df]bsf] kl5 – kl5 hfG5 . k|df]bn] d'gfnfO{ l;6af6 p7fP/ tkfO{nfO{ l;6 ePg t n
a:g'xf];\ eG5 / /fhsf] emf]nf lbG5 . /fhn] l;6df emf]nf ;dfpF5 . /fhn] cfkm\gf]
l;6af6} cfkm\gf] gh/ p7]sf ofq'x?df nufpF5 . /fhsf] gh/ b'AnL sdhf]/ /f]uL h:t}
b]lvg] Ps o'jtLdf k5{ /fhnfO{ pSt o'jtL d'gfsL cg'xf/sL ePsf] t/ ;fx«} b'AnL /
d'gfh:tL /fd|L rfFlx gePsf] t/ stf stf cg'xf/ ldn]h:tf] nfU5 t}klg /fhn]
d'gfnfO{ lrGg ;Sb}g . /fhn] d'gfnfO{ glrg]/} klg cfkm" l;6af6 p7]/ xh'/
a:g'xf];\ eGb} cfkm\gf] l;6df d'gfnfO{ a:g cfu|x ub{5 . d'gfn] d p7]/} hfG5'
xh'/ a:g'xf];\ eG5] t/ /fhn] tkfO{ h:tf] sdhf]/ dfG5]nfO{ p7fP/ d l;6df a:g
;'xfpFb}g To;}n] xh'/n] ufx«f] gdfgL a:g'xf];\ eGb} cfkm"n] l;6 5f]l8lbG5
. d'gfn] Psrf]6L /fhtkm{ cfFvf nufP/ st} of] /fh t xf]Og eG5] p;n] dgdg} /fhsf]
klg o:t} afgL lyof] cfkm" p7]/ c?nfO{ l;6 lbg] , c?nfO{ ;xof]u ug]{ .
d'gfnfO{ cfkm"nfO{ l;6 lbg] dfG5] /fh xf] h:tf] nfU5 d'gfn] klxn]
cfkm"n] wf]sf lbPsf] /fh kftnf] lyof] t/ of] dfG5] cln df]6f] 5 cg'xf/ eg]
p:t} p:t} nfU5 eGb} dgdg} s'/f v]nfpg yfN5] . d'gf 8/fpg yfN5] st} of] /fh g} t
xf]Og p;n] /fhsf] cg'xf/ 7Dofpg cg'xf/df cfFvf nfG5] t/ 8/fP/ t'?Gt} cfkm\gf]
gh/ df]8\5] 3f]K6f] k5]{ . Tolts}df k|df]bn] /fhsf] cufl8 cfP/ tkfO{ lsg
p7\g'ePsf] eG5 . hjfkmdf /fhn] lj/fdLnfO{ l;6 lbP To;}n] eG5 . k|df]bn]
tkfO{sf] l6s6 lng'k¥of] tkfO{sf] gfd s] xf] < hjfkmdf /fhn] cfkm\gf] gfd /fh
eg]/ atfpF5 . k|df]bn] /fhnfO{ l6s6 lbG5 / k};f lnG5 . ha d'gfn] /fh eGg] gfd
;'G5] To;kl5 d'gfn] /fhnfO{ x]g{ vf]H5] t/ ;lSbg] 6fpsf] 3f]K6f] kf5]{ . /fhn]
d'gfsf] h:tf] cg'xf/ ePsL o'jtL eg]/ x]g{ vf]H5 t/ hltv]/ klg d'G6f] 3f]K6f]
k/]sfn] cg'xf/ b]Vg kfpFb}g . d'gfn] dgdg} cfh km]/L lsg o:tf] cj:yfdf /fh;Fu
e]6 eof] xf]nf eGb} cfkm}nfO{ lwsf5]{ / ?dfnn] d'v 5f]K5] . uf8L lta| ultdf
cufl8 a9\b} hfG5 . /fhn] d'gfsf] h:t}
cg'xf/ ePsL o'jtL eGb} d'gfnfO{ glrg]/ x]g{ vf]H5 . d'gfn] /fhn] cfkm"nfO{
glrgf];\ eg]/ d'v ?dfnn] 5f]kL 3f]K6f] dG6f] nufpF5] . cs:dft a; /fhwfgLaf6
cfpFb} u/]sf] 6«s;Fu 7f]lsg k'U5 . ;]s]G8 e/d} a; 3hfd – 3'h'd x'G5 . k|df]b 9f]sfaf6
pl5l6G5 t/ p;nfO{ sxL klg x'Fb}g . k|df]bn] kms]{/ a;nfO{ x]bf{ a; 6'qmf 6'qmf
ePsf] b]V5 . k|df]b xtf/ xtf/ d'gfnfO{ s] eof] eGb} a;df x]5{ ;a}hgf a]xf];
b]V5 . k|df]bsf] gh/ d'gfdf k5{ d'gfsf] v'6\6f sfl6Psf] / a]xf]; ca:yfdf
kN6]sf] b]V5 . d'gfsf] b[Zo b]v]kl5 k|df]bn] o:tL v'6\6f sfl6PsL d'gfnfO{
:ofxf/ ug'{ eGbf nË8Lsf] >Ldfg\ eP/ afRg' eGbf oxfaf6 efUg'k5{ eGg] lg0f{o
ub}{ k|df]b efU5 . s]xL ;dokl5 /fhsf]
xf]; v'N5 /fhn] cfkm\gf] xftaf6 /ut au]sf] b]V5 p;n] t'?Gt} ?dfnn] cfkm\gf] xft
afW5 . /fhn] htftt} dfG5] /utdf klN6/x]sf] b]V5 . p;sf] cfFvf Pp6f o'jtLdf k5{
h;sf] Pp6f v'6\6f sfl6P/ /ut alu/x]sf] b]V5 . /fhn] otfptf v'6\6fsf] /ut /f]Sg
afWgsf] nflu sk8f vf]H5 t/ e]6fpFb}g /fh lgs} cflTtG5 . /fhn] cfkm\g} xftdf
afw]sf] ?dfn km'sfP/ ToxL ?dfnn] d'gfsf] v'6\6f afW5 / af]s]/ c:ktfndf n}hfG5 .
/fh /ut};Fu c:ktfn k'U5 . sfwdf o'jtLnfO{ af]s]/ /ut} /ut x'Fb} cfPsf] /fhnfO{
8fS6/ /f]lhgfn] b]V5] . /f]lhgf /fhsf] sIff ;fyL ePsf]n] p;n] /fhsf] cj:yf
b]v]/ s] eof] < eG5] hjfkmdf /fhn] a; b'3{6gf eof] eG5 . 8fS6/ /f]lhgf sfwdf
af]s]sf] sf] xf] < eG5] /fhn] cfkm"n] glrGg] atfpF5 . 8fS6/ /f]lhgfn]
/fhnfO{ cfsl:ds sIfdf n}hfG5] /fhn] o'jtLnfO{ j]8df ;'tfpF5 . 8fS6/ /f]lhgf
8fS6/ of]u]znfO{ o'jtLsf] pkrf/ ug{ nufO{ cfkm"n] /fhnfO{ csf]{ sf]7fdf
nu]/ pkrf/ ug{ yfN5] . /fh b'vfOn] cflTtg yfN5 . 8fS6/ /f]lhgf /fhnfO{ a]xf];
x'g] OGh]S;g nufOlbG5] / /fhsf] xftsf] 3fp ;kmf ug{ yfN5] . /fhsf] xftdf l;;f
u8]/ leq} k'u]sf] 8fS6/ /f]lhgfn] b]V5] . 8fS6/ /f]lhgfn] l56f]l56f] /fhsf]
3fpFaf6 l;;f lgsfNg] qmddf cfkm\gf] xft l;;fn] sf6]/ /ut cfpF5 . 8fS6/
/f]lhgfn] /utfDd] xftn] g} /fhsf] 3fpaf6 l;;f lgsfN5] clg cfkm\gf] xftsf] 3fp
;kmf u/]/ JofG8]h nufpF5] . 8fS6/
/f]lhgfn] /fhsf] 3fp ;kmf u/]/ kl6\6 nufOlbG5] . /fhnfO{ j]8df ;'tfP/ 8fS6/
/f]lhgf /fhsf] nflu kmnkm'n lng hfG5] . /f]lhgf kmnkm'n / kfgL lnP/ /fh ePsf]
sf]7fdf k|j]z u5]{ . /f]lhgfn] /fhn] 6fpsf] p7fpg vf]h]sf] b]V5] / /fhsf]
6fpsf] ;dfP/ lj:tf/} p7fpF5] . /fhsf] xf];\ v'N5 . /fhn] d]/f] xftdf of] s]
< d sxfF < eg]/ cflTtFb} d ;kgfdf 5' ls ljkgfdf 5' xF eG5 . /f]lhgfn]
/fhnfO{ ;dfpFb} ltdL gcflTtP/ a; n]pm of] bjfO{ / kfgL vfp eG5] /fhn] bafO{ /
kfgL vfG5 . 8fS6/ /f]lhgfn] oqf] 7"nf] b'3{6gfdf k/]/ klg ltdLnfO{ eujfgn]
s]xL x'g glbPsf]df ltdLn] eujfgnfO{ wGojfb lbg' k5{ eG5] . hjfkmdf /fhn]
eujfgn] dnfO{ arfP/ sltsf] Hofg arfpg g;s]sf]n] eujfgnfO{ wGojfb lbg cfjZos
g/x]sf] atfpF5 . 8fS6/ /f]lhgf cfsl:ds sIfdf /flvPsL o'jtLsf] cj:yf a'em\g
k'U5] . o'jtLsf] pkrf/df ;ËnUg 8fS6/n] o'jtLsf] z/L/af6 w]/} dfqfdf /ut au]sfn]
p;nfO{ t'?Gt} /ut lbg'kg]{ gq Hofg klg hfg ;Sg] vt/f /x]sf] / cem} klg p;sf]
xf]; gcfPsf] a]xf];} /x]sf] hfgsf/L u/fpF5 . 8fS6/ /f]lhgfn] 8fS6/ of]u]znfO{
lj/fdL e]6\g sf]xL cfof] t < eg]/ ;f]W5] . 8fS6/ of]u]zn] clxn];Dd sf]xL
gcfPsf] / s;}n] kmf]g klg gu/]sf] hfgsf/L lbG5 . 8fS6/ /f]lhgf lj/fdLsf] 7]ufgfsf]
vf]hL / pkrf/ ;Fu;Fu} n}hfg'kg]{ atfpF5] . 8fS6/ /f]lhgfn] ;a}eGbf klxnf /ut
vf]hL ug{ /ut u'|k kTtf nufpg'kg]{ atfpF5] / /ut u|'k kTtf nufpg 8fS6/
of]u]znfO{ cfu|x ub{5] . 8fS6/ /f]lhgf /fhnfO{ cf}ifwL v'jfpg l9nf eof] eGb}
/fhsf] sf]7fdf k'U5] . 8fS6/ /f]hLgfn] /fhnfO{ cf}ifwL v'jfpF5] . 8fS6/
/f]lhgfn] u/]sf] cfkm"k|ltsf] Jojxf/ b]v]/ /fhn] cfkm" ca ltdLnfO{
b'Mv lbg oxfF ga:g] / cfkm"nfO{ c:ktfn 5f]8\g dg nfu]sf] atfpFb} l8:rfh{
ul/lbg /f]lhgfnfO{ cfu|x u5{ . /f]lhgfn] /fhnfO{ k|Zg ub}{ eG5] s] ltdLnfO{
d}n] c:ktfndf ;]jf ug{ ;lsg Pp6f 8fS6/n] lgefpg kg]{ e"ldsf lgefpg ;lsg /
ltdL of] c:ktfn 5f]8\g] lg0f{odf k'Uof}
. hjfkmdf /fhn] d}n] To:tf] eg]sf] xf]Og /f]lhgf cfh ltdL d]/f] ;fyL eP/ t ljgf
w/f}6L dnfO{ pkrf/ u/]sL 5f} /ft lbg geg]/ ;Dk"0f{ cfkm\gf] ;do dnfO{
ck{0f u/]sL 5f} Tof] d}n] a'em]sf] 5' . /f]lhgf l/;fpFb} eG5] To;f] xf] eg]
ltdL c:ktfn s] sf] nflu 5f]8\b} 5f} < hjfkmdf /fhn] d}n] cfh;Dd c:ktfndf Ps
?k}ofF klg hDdf u/]sf] 5}g km]/L ltdLnfO{ ckm\7\of/f] knf{ To;}n] c:ktfnsf]
k};f hDdf u/fpFg d c:ktfn 5f]8\g rfx]sf] xf] . xf] /fh ltdL d]/f] sIff ;fyL xf}
ltdLnfO{ clxn] cf/fdsf] vfrf] 5 cem} pkrf/sf] vfrf] 5 ltd|f] 3fp ;do ;dodf ;kmf
ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . o:tf] cj:yfdf ltdL cfkm\gf] z/L/nfO{ hf]lvddf /fv]/ k};f lng
aflx/ hfG5' eGg' ltd|f] d'v{tf xf] , km]/L ltdLnfO{ c:ktfndf clxn];Dd s;}n]
k};f hDdf u/fpg eg]sf] klg 5}g . olb s;}n] eg]df ltd|f] k};f d hDdf ul/lbG5' .
To;}n] klg ltdL of] c:ktfn 5f]8]/ hfg' x'Fb}g . k};f eg]sf] s] xf] / < ltdL
clxn] afr]sf 5f} / kf] ltdLnfO{ k};fsf] sfd ltdLnfO{ ;Demgf 5 /fh xfdL
ljb\ofnodf k9\bf wg 7"nf] ls ljb\of 7"nf] eGg] jfbljjfb k|ltof]lutfdf
kIf / ljkIfdf af]n]sf lyof}F . olb clxn ltdLnfO{ /f]Hg lbPdf s'g 7"nf]
dfG5f} < ljb\of 7"nf] xf] /f]lhgf ha d b'3{6gfdf k/] /f]lhgf d cfkm\gf]
k};fn] ef]l/Psf] emf]nf 5f]8]/ Hofgsf] dfofn] c:ktfndf bf}l8P . cfh ltdL;Fu wg
5}g t/ ltd|f] ljb\ofn] dnfO{ hLjg lbof] . h'g hLjg k};fn] d k|fKt ug{ ;Sb}gy]
t/ ltd|f] ljb\ofn] cfh d}n] cfkm\gf] gofF hLjg kfPF . 8fS6/ /f]lhgf d}n] t
e';'Ss} la;]{sf] d}n] af]s]/ Pp6f o'jtLnfO{ c:ktfn NofPsf] lyP p;sf] cj:yf
s:tf] 5 < p;nfO{ olb ltdLn] ;dodf c:ktfn gNofPsf] eP t'?Gt} d[To' x'GYof] t/
ltdLn] ;dodf p;nfO{ NofPsf]n] xfdLn] p;nfO{ clxn];Dd d[To'af6 t hf]ufPsf 5f}F
t/ vt/fd'St eg] agfpg ;s]sf 5}gf} . p;sf] v'6\6faf6 cTolws /ut au]sf]n] p;nfO{
clxn] /ut rflxPsf] 5 / d}n] p;sf] /ut u|'k kTtf nufP/ /utsf] vf]hL ug{ cg'/f]w
klg ul/;s] t/ /fh p;nfO{ e]6\g sf]xL klg cfh;Dd cfPsf] 5}g . 8fS6/ of]u]zn] klg
p;sf] pkrf/sf] k};f s;n] a]xf]5{ eGg] k|Zg ug'{eof] h'g k|Zgsf] pTt/df d}n]
p;sf] cfkmGtsf] vfhL ;Fu} pkrf/nfO{ cufl8 a9fpg'kg]{ atfP t/ p;sf cfkmGt
gcfPsf] v08df s] ug]{ xf]nf /fh . xf] /f]lhgf ToxL eP/ t d c:ktfn aflx/ hfg
rfxGy] / p;sf] / d]/f] k};f c:ktfndf hDdf u/]/ ltdLnfO{ of] emd]nfaf6 d'St ug{
rfxGy] . xf] /f]lhgf dnfO{ c:ktfnaf6 l8:rfh{ ul/b]pm d d]/f] / o'jtLsf]
;Dk"0f{ /sd c:ktfndf hDdf u/fpF5' . /f]lhgf l/;fpFb} ltdLnfO{ c:ktfndf
k};f lsg rflxPsf] 5 < ltd|f] lhDdf d lnG5' ltdL af/Daf/ k};fsf] s'/f glgsfn
a? cfkm\gf] :jf:Yosf] af/]df ;f]r . To;f]eP 8fS6/ /f]lhgf k};fsf sf/0fn] To;
o'jtLsf] klg pkrf/ /f]lsg' x'Gg . k};f dfq ;a yf]s xf]Og xf] d]/f] a}Fs
PsfpG6df clxn] k|z:t k};f 5 h'g k};fsf] dnfO{ clxn] s'g} sfd 5}g . olb p;sf
s'g} cfkmGt gcfPdf To;sf] ;Dk"0f{ c:ktfnsf] /sd d lhDdf lnG5' . s]xL ;do d
oxfF a;'Gh]n To;sf] lhDdf ltdLn] lng'k5{ . To;sf] lhDdf lng tof/ 5f} <
/f]lhgf . xf] /fh ltdLnfO{ k};f 7"nf] nfUnf t/ hlt d ug{ ;S5' Tolt k};fn]
ug{ ;Sb}g . dnfO{ ljZjf; u/ k};fsf] sf/0fn] ltd|f] / o'jtLsf] pkrf/ d c:ktfnaf6
/f]Sg lbGg d cfkm} b'j}sf] pkrf/nfO{ cufl8 a9fpF5' . ltdL cf/fd u/ /fh d
o'jtLsf] sf]7fdf k'u]/ p;sf] cj:yfsf] af/]df /fd|/L a'em]/ p;sf] pkrf/nfO{
cufl8 a9fpF5' eGb} 8fS6/ /f]lhgf o'jtLsf] sf]7fdf k'U5] . /f]lhgfn] 8fS6/
of]u]znfO{ lg/f; b]V5] . lsg lg/f; ePsf] < 8fS6/ of]u]z eg]/ k|Zg u5]{ . xf]
/f]lhgf ha d}n] p;sf] /ut u'|k kTtf nufpg]] qmddf p;sf] /ut k/LIf0f u/] p;sf]
/utdf Pr\=cfO{=eL= kf]h]l6e b]lvof], h;n] dnfO{ em:sfof] To;}n] ca s] ug]{
xf]nf /f]lhgf ltdL eg ca s] ug]{ o:tf] lj/fdLnfO{ h;sf] cfh;Dd cfkmGt klg
cfPsf] 5}g . 8fS6/ /f]lhgf 5fFufaf6 v;]h:t} eO{ . /f]lhgfn] /fhn] /utsf]
ntkt;Fu} NofPsf] b[Zo ;DemL / ca /fhnfO{ klg Pr\=cfO{=eL= P8\; ;/]sf] x'g'k5{ .
km]/L 8fS6/ /f]lhgfn] /fhsf] 3fpaf6 l;;f lgsfNg] qmddf cfkm\gf] xft sf6]sf] /
/fhsf] /ut clg cfkm\gf] /ut ;Fu} ntkt ePsf]n] cfkm"nfO{ klg Pr\=cfO{=eL= P8\;
;/]sf] x'g;Sg] s'/fn] Psf]xf]/f] x'G5] . 8fS6/ of]u]zn] /f]lhgf ltdLn] s]
u/]sf] o:tf] lsg ltdL s]xL klg af]lNbgf} eG5 t/ /f]lhgf s]xL klg af]lNbg . pm
PSsf;L a]xf]; eP/ klN6G5] . 8fS6/ of]u]zn] xtkt /f]lhgfnfO{ cfsl:ds sIfdf
n}hfG5 / clS;hg nufOlbG5 . c:ktfndf v}nfa}nf x'G5 ;a} 8fS6/x¿ cfsl:ds sIftkm{
bf}l8G5g\ . /fhn] s]sf] xNnf ;a} cfsl:ds sIftkm{ nfu]sf 5g\ , o'jtL d/L ls
Sofxf] < eGb} /fh klg cfkm\gf] j]8af6 p7]/ cflTtFb} cfsl:ds sIfdf k'U5 .
hxfF p;n] cfkm\gL ;fyL 8fS6/ /f]lhgf a]xf]; cj:yfdf kN6]sf] b]V5 . 8fS6/
/f]lhgfsf] cj:yf b]v]/ /fh lgs} lg/f; x'G5 . /fhn] ca c:ktfn 5f]8L c:ktfnsf]
k};f hDdf u/fpg] lg0f{o lnP/ c:ktfnaf6 aflxl/G5 s]xL lbgkl5 /fhn] k};f lnP/
c:ktfndf cfpF5 . cfkm\gf] ;Dk"0f{ c:ktfn vr{ hDdf u5{ . /fh c:ktfnsf]
cfsl:ds sIfdf k'U5 ToxfF p;n] 8fS6/ /f]lhgfnfO{ b]Vb}g ToxfF cs}{ 8fS6/n] sfd
u/]sf] b]V5 . /fhn] tkfO{ sf] xf] < eG5 hjfkmdf cfsl:ds sIfdf sfd u/]sL
8fS6/n] cfkm" 8fS6/ dL/f ePsf] atfpF5] . /fhn] 8fS6/ /f]lhgfnfO{ tkfO{
lrGg'x'G5 < eGg] k|Zg u5{ . hjfkmdf
dL/fn] lrG5' eG5] . /fhn] pxfF clxn] sxfF x'g'x'G5 d pxfFnfO{ e]6\g cfPsf] d
/f]lhgfsf] ;fyL eG5 . 8fS6/ dL/fn] cfFvfaf6 cfF;' v;fN5] s]xL klg af]lNbg .
tkfO{ 8fS6/ dL/f s] ug'{ePsf] s] ug'{ePsf] eGg'xf];\g 8fS6/ /f]lhgf sxfF
x'g'x'G5 d rf8} e]6\g rfxfG5' . xf] Pp6f a; b'3{6gfdf 8fS6/ /f]lhgfsf] ;fyL klg
k/]5 p;n] cfkm";Fu} b'3{6gfdf k/]sL o'jtLnfO{ /ut;Fu} ntklTtFb} sfwdf
af]s]/ c:ktfn NofPsf] lyof] /] h'g b'3{6gfdf cfkm\gf] ;fyL klg 3fOt] b]v]kl5
8fS6/ /f]lhgfn] lbg /fh geg]/ /fhsf] ;]jf ug'{eP5 . s]xL lbg kl5 klg ;fyLn] af]s]/
NofPsL o'jtLsf] xf]; gv'n]kl5 p;sf] z/L/af6 w]/} /ut au]sf] sf/0fn] p;nfO{
/utsf] sld eP kZrft\ 8fS6/ of]u]zn] o'jtLsf] nflu /ut vf]hL ug{sf] nflu /ut
u'|k kTtf nufpg] qmddf p;sf] /ut k/LIf0f ubf{ Pr\=cfO{=eL= P8\; nfu]sf] kTtf
nfu]5 . Pslbg 8fS6/ /f]lhgf o'jtLsf] cj:yf a'em\g o'jtL ePsf] sf]7fdf uPsf] avt
8fS6/ of]u]zn] pSt s'/f ;'gfpFbf 8fS6/ /f]lhgf a]xf]; eO{ klN6g'eof] . To;kl5
8fS6/ /f]lhgfsf] Ps xKtfdf aNn xf]; cfof] . pxfF cfkm}n] cfkm\gf] /ut k/LIf0f
ug'{eof] To;kZrft\ 8fS6/ /f]lhgfnfO{ klg Pr\=cfO{=eL= P8\; nfu]sf] yfxf eof] .
To;kl5 8fS6/ /f]lhgfn] /fhsf] sf]7fdf uO{ /f]lhgfnfO{ s]xL ePsf] 5}g elglbg'
eGg] ;dfrf/ k7fpg'eof] t/ /fhn] c:ktfn 5f]8]sfn] ;dfrf/ lbg ;lsPg . /fhn]
c:ktfn 5f]8]sf]df 8fS6/ /f]lhgfn] lgs} lrGtf ug'{eof] cfkm}n] c:ktfn j/k/
vf]Hg'eof] t/ s]xL kTtf nfu]g To;kl5 pxfFn] /fhsf] gfddf Pp6f kq n]Vg'eP5 /
cfkm"n] OGh]S;g nfufO{ ljif z]jg u/L 8fS6/ /f]lhgfn] cfTdxTof u/L of]
;+;f/ 5f]8L ;bfsf] nflu ljbf x'g'eof] . /fhsf] cfFvf /;fP/ cfF;' emb}{ lyP t/
klg /fhn] cfkm\gf] dg yfDb} ;s];Dd cfF;' /f]Sg] k|of; ub}{ 8fS6/ dL/f /f]lhgfn]
n]v]sf] kqdf s] n]lvPsf] lyof] < hjfkmdf 8fS6/ dL/fn] b/fhaf6 lgsfn]/ oxL
xf] 8fS6/ /f]lhgfn] of] ;+;f/af6 ljbf x'g'eGbf cl3 /fhnfO{ n]v]sf] kq d k9\g ;lSbg tkfO{ cfkm}
k9\g'xf];\ lng'xf];\ eGb} 8fS6/ dL/fn] kq /fhsf] xftdf /flvlbG5] /fhn] pSt kq
k9\g ;'? u5{ – lk|o /fh d ltdLnfO{ s] eg' s;/L eg' d ;Fw} ltd|f] v';L rfxGy] /
d}n] ltdLnfO{ /fd|/L lrGy] lsgsL w]/} ;do;Dd xfdLn] ;Fu} cWoog u/]sf lyof} . d
ltdLnfO{ ;a} s'/f eGg ;Sy] Pp6f s'/f rflxF slxNo} klg eGg ;lsg d ltdLnfO{
cfkm\gf] hLjg ;fyL agfpg rfxfGy] km]/L of] s'/f d}n] ltdLnfO{ klxn] eGg ;lsg t/
d}n] cfkm\gf] hLjg ltdL afx]s s;};Fu ljtfpg g;Sg] cj:yfdf lyP lsgsL d ltdLnfO{
PstkmL{ k|]d uy]{ . ;dosf] qmd;Fu} ltd|f] / d]/f] cWoogsf] If]q km/s k¥of] To;kl5
d}n] ltdLnfO{ rfxG5' eGg] s'/f ltdLnfO{ ;'gfpg] cg's'n ;do kfpg} ;lsg kl5 d}n]
ltdLn] cs}{ o'jtL;Fu k|]d u5f}{ eGg] yfxf kfPF . To;kl5 d}n] ltd|f] v';Lsf]
nflu ltdLnfO{ of] s'/f slxNo} geGg] / ;s];Dd ltdLnfO{ e'n]/ gofF hLjg ;'? ug]{
lg0f{o u/] t/ d}n] cfh d of] hLjgsf] clGtd ;dodf klg ltdLnfO{ e'Ng ;lsg / of]
kq n]Vg afWo eP . /fh ltdL b'3{6gfdf k/]/ 3fOt] ePsf] b]Vbf dgdf lk8f lyof] t/
ha d ltd|f] lbg /ft ;]jf uy]{ To;df dnfO{ ;Gt'li6 ldNYof] cfgGb cfpFYof]
Toltv]/ aNn yfxf kfP d}n] k|]d s:tf] x'Fbf] /x]5 . ltd|f] pkrf/sf] qmddf d}n]
ltd|f] 3fpaf6 l;;f lgsfNg] qmddf d]/f] xft sf6]/ /ut cfP5 Tof] klg d}n] ha
ltd|f] 3fpaf6 l;;f lgsfn] To;kl5 dfq yfxf kfPF . d}n] ;Fw} ltdLnfO{ ;]jf ug{
rfxGy] t/ ltdL c:ktfnaf6 lg:s]/ daf6 6f9f x'g rfxfGYof} o;} s'/fdf dnfO{ lrGtf
nfUYof] . xf] /fh ltdLn] o'jtLnfO{
af]s]/ Nofpg] qmddf Pr\=cfO{=eL= P8\; nfu]5 lsgsL ltdLn] af]s]/ NofPsL
o'jtLnfO{ Pr\=cfO{=eL= P8\; nfu]sf] /x]5 To;n] ubf{ ltdLnfO{ pSt /f]u ;g{
k'Uof] . d]/} sdhf]/Ln] ubf{ dnfO{ klg Pr\=cfO{=eL= P8\; nfUg k'Uof] xf] /fh
dnfO{ of] /f]u nfu]/ Tolt lrGtf k/]sf] xf]Og dnfO{ of] Pr\=cfO{=eL= P8\; nfUof]
eg]/ d a]xf]; ePsf] klg xf]Og ltdLnfO{ nfUg ;Snf sf/0f s] xf] < eGg] . /fh d
ltdLnfO{ ;Fw} v';L ;Fw} xfF;]sf] b]Vg rfxfGy] t/ /fh ha d}n] ltdLnfO{
Pr\=cfO{=eL= P8\; nfUof] eGg] yfxf kfpFbf d a]xf]; x'g k'u] d kl5 xf];df cfpg]
lalTts} ltdL /x]sf] c:ktfnsf] j]8df k'u] t/ ltdL klxn] g} c:ktfn 5f]8]/ uPsf]
yfxf kfPF . xf] /fh ltdLnfO{ To;sf] af/]df yfxf lyPg / klxn] dnfO{ klg To;sf]
af/]df yfxf lyPg ha ltdLn] NofPsL o'jtLsf] nflu /utsf] vf]hL ug]{ qmddf p;sf]
/ut u'|k kTtf nufpg /ut k/LIf0f ug]{ qmddf p;nfO{ Pr\=cfO{=eL= P8\; nfu]sf]
k|dfl0ft eof] To;kl5 Tof] s'/f 8fS6/ of]u]zn] atfPkl5 d}n] cfkm\gf] /ut k/LIf0f
u/] d}n] cfkm"nfO{ klg Pr\=cfO{=eL P8\; nfu]sf] s'/f yfxf kfPF . xf] /fh d}n cfkm\gf] hLjgdf ltd|f] v';L
x]/]/ afRg] lg0f{o u/]sL lyP t/ ca d}n] ltd|f] cfFvfdf cfF;' tyf ltd|f] b'Mv
b]Vg'eGbf To; eGbf klxn] g} ltdLn] cfkm"nfO{ Pr\=cfO{=eL= P8\; nfu]sf]
yfxf kfpg'eGbf cufl8 g} of] ;+;f/af6 ljbf lng] lg0f{o lnP . dnfO{ dfkm u/ t/ ltdLn] ltd|f] cfkm\gL k|]ldsfnfO{ ;Fw} v';L /fVg'
/ c:ktfndf cfkmGt ljlxg /x]sL o'jtLnfO{
pkrf/ ug]{ ;Dk"0f{ lhDdf ltdLnfO{ lbG5' d]/f] cg'/f]w :jLsf/ n /fh
==============. kq k9\bf k9\b} /fhsf] cfF;'n] kq n]lvPsf] sfuh leh]sf] lyof] .
/fhsf] cfFvfaf6 cfF;' a/\jtL{ emg\ emg\ ;fpgsf] em/L h:t} g/f]lssg} emg{ yfn]
Tof] b[Zon] 8fS6/ dL/fsf cfFvf klg /;fpg yfn] 8fS6/ ld/fn] /fhnfO{ ;DemfpFb}
/f]P/ ca xfdLn] 8fS6/ /f]lhgfnfO{ kfpFg ;Sb}gf} xfdLn] kfpFg ;Sb}gf}F . 8fS6/
dL/f tkfO{nfO{ yfxf 5 d ToxL /fh x'F h;n] 8fS6/ /f]lhgfsf] xTof u¥of] . d
xTof/f x'F 8fS6/ dL/f d ToxL xTof/f /fh x'F eGb} /fh emg ?Fb} lrRofpF5 . 8fS6/
dL/fn] ;Demfpg yfN5] . tkfO{sf] bf]if s]xL 5}g . tkfO{nfO{ s] yfxf o'jtLnfO{
Pr\=cfO{=eL= P8\; nfu]sf] 5 eGg] . km]/L 8fS6/ dL/fn] tkfO{sf] 3fpsf] l;;f
lgsfNbf cfkm\gf] z/L/nfO{ hf]lvddf /fv]/ ;fjwfgL gckgfpFbf / cfkm\gf] ;fyL eg]/
a9L efj's x'Fbf 36gf 36]sf] xf] of] cj:yf cfPsf] xf] . km]/L Pr\=cfO{=eL= P8\;
nfUof] eGb}df dg'kg]{ sf/0f klg s]xL lyPg . To;}n] o;df tkfO{sf] s]xL bf]if 5}g
. of] 36gfdf ;a} sfd efjgfn] u/]sf] 5 tkfO{n] o'jtLsf] ;]jf ug'{, /f]lhgfn]
tkfO{sf] ;]jf ug'{df xf]l;of/L gckgfP/ efjgfdf 8'Abf of] 36gf 36\g k'Uof] .
8fS6/ /f]lhgfsf] d[To'n] c:ktfndf k"/} zf]sdf b]lvG5 . 8fS6/ /f]lhgfn]
n]v]sf] kqaf6 tyf 8fS6/ dL/fsf] s'/f ;'g]/ /fhn] cfkm"nfO{ klg
Pr\=cfO{=eL= P8\; nfu]sf] s'/f yfxf kfpF5 . /fhnfO{ Pr\=cfO{=eL= nfUg'df eGbf
8fS6/ /f]lhgfsf] cfTdxTofn] a9L lrGtf kf5{ . 8fS6/ dL/fn] /fhnfO{ tkfO{sf]
kl/jf/ eg]/ ;f]W5] . /fhn] cfkm\gf] kl/jf/ gePsf] atfpF5 . 8fS6/ dL/fn] ;fRr}
tkfO{sf] kl/jf/df afnaRrf klg 5}g < eg]/ ;f]W5] . hjfkmdf /fhn]] 5}g eG5 .
km]/L 8fS6/ dL/fn] tkfO{n] k|]d ug'{ePg ljjxf ug'{ePg < eg]/ ;f]W5] .
hjfkmdf /fhn] k]|d u/] t/ ljjxf ePg eG5 . 8fS6/ dL/fn] d}n] tkfO{n] eg]sf] s'/f
a'lemg eG5] . /fhn] s] tkfO{ d]/f] af/]df a'em\g rfxg'x'G5 < eG5 . 8fS6/
dL/fn] atfpg cg'/f]w u5]{ . /fhn] atfpFg yfN5 s'g} ;do d Ps ljb\ofnodf lzIf0f
uy]{ To;} ;dodf d'gf gfd u/]sL Ps ljb\ofyL{ lyO{ pm aflnsf lyO{ p;sf] ljjxfsf]
s'/f d}n] hfgsf/L kfPF . d Ps c;n lzIfs ePsf]n] p;sf] pd]/ gePsf] / k9\g] ;do
ePsf]n] p;sf] kl/jf/nfO{ ljjxf /f]Sg cfu|x u/] t/ kl/jf/n] p;sf] ljjxf g/f]Sg]
atfP . d}n] km]/L d'gfnfO{ e]6]/ ;DemfP clg ltdLn] of] ljjxfnfO{ :jLsf/ u¥of} t
eg] k|Zg ubf{ d'gfn] dG6f] xNnfO{ . d}n] lsg eGg] hjfkmdf lt afn cf]7af6 d
xh'/nfO{ dg k/fpF5' , xh'/;Fu} ljjxf ug{ rfxfG5' . To;}n] d]/f] ljjxf
/f]lslbg'xf];\ . lt afn cf]7af6 lg:s]sf jf0fn] dnfO{ xfGof] d}n] s]]xL eGg ;lsg
dgdg} vfN8f]af6 s;}nfO{ lgsfN5' eGbf cfkm} vfN8f]df efl;Psf] cg'ej u/] . To;kl5
d'gfsf] km'k'nfO{ ljjxf /f]s]/ d'gfsf] k9fOsf] jftfj/0f ldnfpg cfu|x u/L d
cfkm\gf] 8]/fdf k'u] . dnfO{ lbge/ ToxL d'gfsf] ljjxfsf] s'/fn] ;tfof] /
d'gfsf] cj:yf b]v]/ l67 nfUof] km]/L cfkm"n] hf]lvd df]n]/ p;sf] ljjxf
/f]Sg] cfF6 d}n] ug{ ;s]g . ;fFem eof] d}n] cfkm\gf] dg e'nfpg Pp6f lstfasf]
;fx/f lnP/ ;do ljtfpFb} lyP cs:dft ljb\w'tsf] nfOg sfl6of] sf]7f cGwsf/ eof] .
;Fw}sf] nf]8;]l8Ën] ubf{ d}n] d}gaTtLsf] Joj:yf u/]sf] lyP d}gaTtL ;NsfP clg
lstfa k9\g yfn] cs:dft d]/f] cfFvf d}gaTtLdf kg{ uof] . d efj's eP . dfG5]sf]
hLjg klg d}g h:t} 5 Ps lbg klUnP/ l;l4G5 ;fx«} 5f]6f] ;dod} t/ d}gaTtLn]
cfkm" hn]/ klg c?nfO{ k|sfz lbPsf] 5 t/ dfG5] lsg c?nfO{ b'Mv lbO/x]sf] 5
;xof]u lsg ug{ ;Sb}g . d]/f] dgdf km]/L lbp;f]sf] s'/f cfof] ca d efj's ePsf]n]
d}gaTtLn] d]/f] dg d}g h:t} kuflnlbPsfn] d h;/L klg d'gfsf] ljjxf /f]lslbG5' a?
cfkm"nfO{ dfof dfl/lbG5' . To;kl5 d}n] csf]{ lbg d'gfsf] ljjxf /f]lslbg
cfu|x u/] / s]xL jif{kl5 cfkm}n] d'gfnfO{ ljjxf ug]{ atfP . d]/f] s'/f ;'g]kl5
d'gfsL km'k'n] tkfO{n] ljjxf ug'{x'G5 eg] d'gfsf] ljjxf /f]Sg ;xdt ePsf] s'/f
hgfpg'eof] . o;/L lbg laTb} uP lj:tf/} d}n] d'gfnfO{ cGt/cfTdf b]lv g} dfof ug{
yfn] . ;dosf] bf}/fg;Fu} d'gf ljgfsf] hLjg d}n] sNkgf klg ug{ g;Sg] eP . Pslbg
d'gfn] k};fsf] k|nf]egdf k/L dnfO{ 5f]8]/ Pshgf a;jfnf;Fu d'gf daf6 ;Fw}sf]
nflu cnu eO{ t/ d d'gfaf6 cnu x'g ;s]g . d}n] d'gfnfO{ e'Ng lxdfn, kxf8, t/fO{
x/]s 7fpF uP t/ d'gf d]/f] kl5kl5 5fFof ag]/ x/]s 7fpFdf k'uL . d}n] ha;Dd
d'gfsf] 5fFofnfO{ cfkm"af6 cnu ulb{g ta;Dd c?;Fu ljjxf ulb{g eGg] lg0f{o
lnP / d'gfsf] 5fFofnfO{ x6fpg] k|of; u/] t/ d}n] d'gfsf] 5fFofnfO{ k]|d u/]
x6fpg ;s]g . cfh;Dd klg d'gfsf] 5fFofnfO{ k|]d ub}{ afFr]sf] 5' . h;nfO{ d
lj;{g vf]H5' t/ lj;{g ;lSbg . /fhsf] s'/f ;'g]/ 8fS6/ dL/fn] cfFvf /;fpFb}
tkfO{n] k|]d ug]{ eP/ t b}jn] tkfO{s} sfvdf NofP/ d'gfnfO{ 5f]8]5 . tkfO{n]
c:ktfn NofPsL o'jtL g} d'gf xf] . p;sf] cfkmGt kTtf nufpg] qmddf p;sf] ;fydf
/x]sf sfuhkq r]s ubf{ p;sf] k6'sfdf Rofk]sf] gful/stfdf d'gf n]v]sf] lyof] .
xf]Og 8fS6/ dL/f d}n] k|]d ug]{ d'gf ;fx«} ;'Gb/ lyO{ Tof] d'gf h:tL xf]Og d]/f]
5fFof ag]/ d;Fu} /x]sL d'gfsf] cg'xf d]/f] cfFvf cufl8 5 Tof] cem} klg ;fx«}
;'Gb/ 5] . d}n] a'em] tkfO{n] k|]d ubf{ d'gfnfO{ Pr\=cfO{=eL= P8\; /f]u lyPg t/
ha d'gfnfO{ Pr\=cfO{=eL= /f]u nfUof] To;n] p;sf] ;'Gb/tf vf]:of] / tkfO{n] lrGg
;Sg'ePg . To;f] eP 8fS6/ dL/f d'gf sxfF l5g\ < d'gfsf] s] s'/f ug'{ p;nfO{
clxn];Dd Pr\=cfO{=eL= P8\; nfu]sf] s'/f yfxf /x]g5 . ha p;sf] pkrf/kl5 xf];
cfof] To;kl5 8fS6/ of]u]zn] tkfO{nfO{ Pr\=cfO{=eL= P8\; nfu]sfn] PlG6 /]6«f] efO/n
cf}ifwL lgoldt vfg'k5{ eGg'eof] . clg tkfO{sf] cfkmGt eGbf pxfFn] k|df]b
eGg'eof] h;sf] vf]hL ubf{ k|x/Ln] b'/\36gf ePsf] a; k|df]bs} ePsf] / d'gf
k|df]bsf] >LdtL eP klg k|df]b km/f/ /x]sf] k|x/Laf6 c:ktfnn] hfgsf/L kfPsf]
s'/f 8fS6/ dL/fn] atfpFl5g\ . To;kl5 d'gfsf] c:ktfndf ltg'{kg]{ /sd y'k|}
/x]sf] t/ d'gf;Fu k};f s]xL gePsf] x'Fbf d'gfn] c:ktfnnfO{ yfx} glbO{ c:ktfn
5f]8]/ efu]sf] s'/f atfpF5] . /fhn] c:ktfnsf] PsfpG6 zfvfdf uP/ d'gfn] c:ktfnnfO{
ltg'{kg]{ ;Dk"0f{ /sd a'emfOlbG5 . clg 8fS6/ dL/f tyf c:ktfnsf cGo
8fS6/;Fu ljbf x'G5 . /fh htftt} ef}tfl/G5 g pm dg{ ;S5 g /fd|/L afRg ;S5 , g
cfkm\gf] hLjgnfO{ Vofn u5{ . p;n] cfkm\gf] hLGbuLsf] dfof df/]/ klg afR5 . /fh
PSn} a:g] 6f]nfpg] vfg] nfpg] af]Ng] x/]s s'/fdf kl/jt{g x'G5 s'g} s'/fsf] Vofn
ub}{g . /fh Pslbg PSn} hËndf k'U5 . /fhn] ca gofF hLjgsf] z'?jft ug]{ of]hgf
agfpF5 . cfh;Dd d cfkm\gf] nflu afFr] ca d c?sf] nflu afR5' , cfh;Dd d}n]
cfkm\gf] nflu u/] ca c?sf] nflu u5'{ eGb} vft] afnaflnsf , Pr\=cfO{=eL= P8\;
sf] sf/0f ;dfhaf6 ckx]lnt / bLg b'MvLsf] nflu sfd ug]{ cf>d vf]n]/ ltg}sf] ;]jf ug]{ c7f]6
lnP/ /fhwfgL ;x/df k''U5 . cfkm\gf] of]hgf cg';f/ cf>d vf]n]/ ToxL ;+:yfdf
a];fxf/f, bLg–b'MvLsf] ;fxf/f ag]/ sfd ug{ yfN5 / cfkm\gf] k'/fgf] ;Dk"0f{
b'Mv la;]{/ /fhn] ;Gt'li6 k|fKt u5{ . afRg'sf] ;f/ /fhn] aNn kTtf nufpF5 . p;n]
a];fxf/f afnaflnsfnfO{ ;dfhsf cGofo, cTofrf/ s'/Lltsf] lj?4df nfUg , ;Rrf k|]d
ug{ wgsf] kl5 gnfUg] lzIff lbG5 . /fhsf] k|z+;f / cfnf]rgf b'j} x'g yfN5 .
Pr\=cfO{=eL= P8\; nfu]sfnfO{ a:tLaf6 lgsfnf ug'{k5{ eGg]x¿ /fhsf] ltj| cfnf]rgf
u5{g\ eg] s]xL hfg]a'em]sf dfG5]n] /fhsf] k|z+;f u5{g\ . /fhn] vf]n]sf] cf>dsf]
Jofks k|rf/ k|;f/ x'G5 . Pslbg c:ktfn 5f]8]/ efu]sL d'gfn] klg Pr\=cfO{=eL=
P8\; nfu]sfnfO{ /fVg] cf>d v'n]sf] 5 eGg] yfxf kfO{ pSt cf>ddf cfOk'U5] .
;+:yfsf] cWoIfdf /fhsf] kmf]6f] / gfd b]v]kl5 d'gf kmls{g vf]H5] . /fhn]
c:ktfnsf] b[Zo 8fS6/ dL/fsf] s'/f ;lDemG5 / /fhn] d'gfsf] ufnfsf] sf]7L /
bfFtaf6 d'gfnfO{ lrG5 . To;kl5 /fhn] t'?Gt} d'gfnfO{ /f]s]/ ltdL hlt efUg]
efUof} ca efUg ;lSbgf} . cfh ltdL gefu ltdLn] daf6 h] rfx]sL lyof} d ToxL lbg
rfxfG5' hLjgsf] clGtd 38Ldf ePklg . ltdLn] k};fnfO{ dfof ug]{ t/ d ltdLnfO{
dfof ug]{ oxL s'/fdf xfd|f] ljefhg /x\of] . ltdL k};fsf] vf]hLdf lx8\of} d
dfofsf] vf]hLdf lx8] . d}n] dfof gkfP klg ltdLn] vf]h]sf] s'/f d lbG5' eGb}
/fhn] cfkm";Fu ePe/sf] k};f ;DkTtL / ;+:yfsf] ;fFrf] d'gfsf] xftdf
/flvlbG5 . cfkm"n] hLjgsf] clGtd 38Ldf ePklg d'gfnfO{ ;]jf ug{ kfPsf]df
;Gt'li6 kfPsf] atfpFb} cfkm\gf] 3f6Ldf cfkm} 5'/f xfg]/ cfTdxTof u/L ;bfsf]
nflu ;+;f/af6 ljbf lnG5 . cf>dsf a];fxf/f afnaflnsf , Pr\=cfO{=eL= P8\;
nfu]sf o'jf o'jtL j[4f ;a}hgfsf] ?jfaf;L rN5 . d'gfnfO{ s] u? s;f] u? x'G5
56\k6fpg yfN5] t/ s]xL ug{ ;lSbg] /fhs} cf>ddf a:g] Pshgf o'js z'lgnn]
cf>dsf ;a}nfO{ h] eof] eof] ca o;/L /f]P/ x'Fb}g xfdLn] /fhsf] clGtd
bfx;+:sf/ ug'{k5{ eGb} bfx;+:sf/sf] sfo{df nfUg cg'/f]w ub{5 . Pshgf cf>ds}
o'jtLn] /fhn] xfdLnfO{ dg{af6 arfP/ ;fx; lbP/ afRg l;sfpg'eof] t/ cfh cfkm}
o;/L dg'{eof] . ca xfd|f] larNnL x'g]eof] eGb} hf]8–hf]8;Fu ?g yfN5] .
cf>ddf a:g] ;a} j[4f tyf o'jtLx¿n] dfnf / cla/n] /fhsf] nf;nfO{ /ËfpF5g\ .
/fhs} cf>ddf a:g] o'js z'lgnsf] g]t[Tjdf /fhsf] clGtd bfx;+:sf/df cf>dsf
;Dk"0f{n] efu lnG5g\ . /fhsf] d[To';Fu} cf>ddf a:g] Pr\=cfO{=eL= P8\;sf
/f]uLx¿sf] ;fxf/f x/fPsf] dx;'; x'G5 . cf>ds} o'js z'lgnn] d'gfnfO{ ljGtL
ub}{ ca cf>dsf] sfdsfh ug{ cg'/f]w u5{ . d'gfn] ?Fb} /fhn] dnfO{ cf>dsf]
;fFrf] tyf ;DkTtL lbP/ uP t/ /fhnfO{ cf>d s;/L rnfpg] ;a} 1fg lyof] lzIff
lyof] t/ dnfO{ Tof] 1fg 5}g d clzlIft 5' / d /fhsf] xTof/f klg x'F . To;}n]
dnfO{ h]ndf nu]/ /fv]x'G5 d g} /fhsf]
xTof/f x' eG5] . z'lgnn] d'gfnfO{ d}n] xh'/sf] s'/f a'lemg s] ca tkfO{ of]
cf>dsf /f]uLx¿sf] cfF;' gk'5]/ cfF;'sf] kf]v/Ldf kf}8L v]Ng of] cf>d b]lv
efUg vf]Hb} x'g'x'G5 . xf]Og z'lgn d}n] To;f] ug{ vf]h]sf] /fh d]/} sf/0fn]
d/]sf] xf] / d}n] oxfF a;]/ klg cf>d rnfpg] 1fg gePsf] sf/0f cf>d rnfP/ oxfFsf]
cfF;' k'5\g ;lSbg . d clzlIft Pr\=cfO{=eL= P8\; nfu]sL o'jtL x'F . z'lgnn] ;fx;
a6'n]/ /fhnfO{ klg t Pr\=cfO{=eL= P8\; nfu]sf] lyof] / dnfO{ klg /fhn] g}
;dfhsf] lt/:sf/sf] lj?4 cGofosf] lj?4 / ;Dk"0f{ b]zel/sf Pr\=cfO{=eL= P8\;
/f]uLdfyL x'g] ck/fwsf lj?4 n8\g'k5{ eGb} cf>ddf NofO{ lzIff lbg'eof] / d}n]
/fh;Fu cGofosf lj?4 n8\g] afrf u/]sf] lyP . ca tkfO{nfO{ cf>d rnfpg] 1fg 5}g
lzIff 5}g eg] klg d;Fu /fhl;t hlt lzIff gePklg s]xL 1fg 5 s]xL lzIff 5 d'gf
tkfO{ cf>dsf] cWoIf aGg'xf];\ / clxn] auL/x]sf cf>dsf cfF;' k'5\g'xf];\
d}n] ;Dk"0f{ sfd ug]{5' . o;}df /fhnfO{ xfdLn] ug'{kg]{ dfof u/f}F
,cf>dnfO{ v';L /fVg] /fhsf] klg ;kgf xf] . ca xfdLn] /fhnfO{ s]xL ug{
;Sb}gf} t/ /fhn] ;8saf6 a6'n]/ NofPsf cf>dsf Pr\=cfO{=eL= P8\; nfu]sf
/f]uLx¿sf cfFvfdf cfF;' geP/ cf]7df xfF;f] /fVg] sfddf nfuf}F oxL g} casf]
xfd|f] st{Jo xf] . o'js z'lgnsf] s'/fdf d'gfn]
klg ;xdt hgfpF5] . cf>ddf klxn]s} h:t} sfd s'/fx¿ x'g yfN5g\ .
cf>ddf /x]sf /fhn] k9fpg] Pr\=cfO{=eL= P8\; nfu]sf cgfy afnaflnsfsf]
lzIff–lbIffsf] sfd eg] /f]lsG5 . d'gf / z'lgnn] s'g} lzIfsnfO{ vf]h]/ NofO{
dfl;s tna eTtf Joj:yf u/]/ ePklg cgfy afnaflnsfsf] k9fO{ k'g ;'? ug'{kg]{ ;Nnfx
ub{5g\ . z'lgnn] lzIfssf] vf]hL u5{ t/ Pr\=cfO{=eL= P8\; nfu]sf afnaflnsf eGg]
;'Gg] lalTts} lzIfsx¿ k9fpg c:jLsf/ ub{5g\ . st} klg lzIfs kfO{b}g . d'gf
cf>dsf afnaflnsf a:g] sf]7fdf k'U5] . ToxfF /x]sf Pr\=cfO{=eL= P8\; nfu]sf
elgg] cgfy afnaflnsfnfO{ lzIff lbPdf ef]nLsf lbgdf cGofosf lj?4 log} slnnf
afnaflnsfn] cfjfh p7fpg] lyP t/ s] ug'{ dnfO{ o:tf afnsnfO{ 1fg lbg dg eP klg d
g} clzlIft 5' . /fh sDtLdf log} afnaflnsfsf] nflu eP klg , log}nfO{ lzIff
lbgsf] nflu eP klg afRg' kYof]{ . dnfO{ cfh b}jn] lsg of] cf>ddf Nofof] a?
dnfO{ klxn] g} df/]sf] eP x'GYof] d d/]/ s;}nfO{ s]xL x'g] lyPg t/ cfh /fhn]
cfTdxTof ubf{ of] cf>d / oL slnnf cgfy afnaflnsfsf] eljio cGwsf/ eof] eGb}
dgdf s'/f v]nfpF5] . TolTts}df z'lgn k|j]z u5{ . d'gfn] z'lgnnfO{ st} lzIfs
kflxof] t eG5] hjfkmdf z'lgnn] lzIfs t e]l6P t/ Pr\=cfO{=eL= P8\; nfu]sf
afnaflnsf eGg] ljlTts} ;a} tl;{P/ s;}n] klg k9fpg :jLsf/ u/]gg\ . ca jjf{b}
x'g] eof] . d'gf / z'lgnn] dgdf lrGtf lnP/} ePklg cf>dsf ;Dk"0f{nfO{
vfgf v'jfpF5g\ / cfkm"n] klg vfP/ cf–cfkm\gf] sf]7fdf ;'Tg hfG5g\ .
ljxfg}sf] ldld{/] pHofnf] ;Fu} z'lgn / d'gf p7\5g\ . z'lgnn] d}n] afnaflnsfsf]
k9fOsf] nflu ca cf>d glhs}sf] ;/sf/L ljb\ofnodf egf{ u/fP/ eP klg pgLx¿sf]
k9fO{nfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbg] ljrf/ u/]sf] 5' s] o;f] ug{ xfdLn] ;lsG5 < hjfkmdf
d'gfn] of] g} xfd|f] Pp6f dfq ljsNk xf] lsgsL c? ljsNk xfdL;Fu 5}g To;}n] ca
ToxL egf{ u/L afnaflnsfnfO{ ljb\ofno 5f]8\g hfg] / lng hfg] sfo{df cf>ds}
s'g} Ps hgfnfO{ lhDdf lbg'k5{ . ca o;} ug'{k5{ . d'gf / z'lgn afnaflnsf lnP/
;/sf/L ljb\ofnodf egf{ ug{ k'U5g\ t/ ljb\ofno k|zf;g] Pr\=cfO{=eL= P8\; nfu]sf
ljb\ofyL{ eGg] ljlTts} afnaflnsfnfO{ egf{ ug{ dfGb}g t/ d'gf / z'lgnn] ls xfdLnfO{
lzIfs vf]lhlbg'xf];\ gq logLx¿nfO{ egf{ ug'{xf];\ oL afnaflnsf /fhn] k9fPsf
afnaflnsf x'g\ clxn] /fhn] cfTdxTof u/]kl5 oL afnaflnsfsf] larNnL eof]
logLx¿sf] k9fO /f]lsg k'Uof] . ljb\ofno k|=c= n] /fhsf] gfd ;'Gg] ljlTts}
/fhsf] af/]df cfkm"n] b'/\36gfsf] ;drf/ k9\bf k9]sf] pxfF Psbd} ;dfh;]jL
x'g'x'GYof] cf>d klg /fhn] g} vf]n]sf] xf] s] /fhn] cfTdxTof ug'{eof] <
d'gfn] hjfkmdf xf] To;}n] cf>ddf ;d:of k/]sf] xf] . aNn afnaflnsfnfO{
ljb\ofno k|zf;gn] egf{ u5{ . s]xL ;do;Dd t afnaflnsfn] ;/sf/L ljb\ofnodf k9\g]
df}sf kfpF5g\ t/ To; ljb\ofnodf k9\g] cGo afnaflnsfsf cleefjsn] ljb\ofnodf
Pr\=cfO{=eL= P8\; nfu]sf afnaflnsf ljb\ofnodf egf{ ePsf] yfxf kfPkl5 ljb\ofnodf
cfP/ xfdLn] xfd|f 5f]/f 5f]/LnfO{ Pr\=cfO{=eL= P8\; nfu]sf afnaflnsf;Fu} /fv]/
k9fpg ;Sb}gf}+ eg]/ cfkm\gf] 5f]/f5f]/L lgsfNg yfN5g\ . ljb\ofnodf ;a}
ljb\ofyL{n] 5f]8\g yfn]kl5 ljb\ofno k|zf;gn] afWofTds cj:yfsf sf/0f xfdLn]
cf>dsf afnaflnsf k9fpg ;s]gf} To;}n] cf>dsf afnaflnsf ef]nL b]lv gk7fpg'
eGb} d'gfnfO{ ljb\ofno k|zf;gn] hfgsf/L u/fpF5 . ljb\ofnosf] o:tf] lg0f{oaf6
cf>dsf afnaflnsf km]/L ;d:ofdf k5{g\ . ptf d'gfb]lv efu]/ lx8]sf] k|df]bnfO{
/f]un] emg\–emg\ RofKb} hfG5 . k|df]b ca o:tf] rfnn] gx'g] eGb} Psrf]6L PlG6
/]6«f] efO/n cf}ifwL yk ug{ c:ktfn hfG5 . k|df]bn] 8fS6/nfO{ cfkm"nfO{ ca
afRg eGbf dg{ dg nfu]sf] s'/f u5{ . hjfkmdf 8fS6/n] k|df]bnfO{ Pr\=cfO{=eL=
P8\; nfu]sfnfO{ :ofxf/ ug]{ cf>d v'n]sf] 5 ltdL ToxL hfpm egL ;Nnfx lbG5 .
k|df]b 8fS6/;Fu x'G5 eGb} c:ktfnaf6 aflx/ lg:sG5 . k|df]bn] dgdg} o:tf]
a];fxf/f eP/ aRg'eGbf cf>dd} uP/ a:g kfP x'GYof] . km]/L cf>ddf ;a}
lgz'Ns kSs} 5}g xf]nf km]/L clxn] d;Fu ;DkTtLsf] gfddf s]xL 5}g s] ug]{ s] ug]{
eGb} dgdf cg]s s'/fx¿ v]nfpg yfN5 . k|df]bn] kqsf/ n]v]sf] n'uf nufPsf]
dfG5]nfO{ b]V5 . k|df]b ToxL k'u]/ xh'/ kqsf/ xf] < eg]/ k|Zg u5{ , hjfkmdf
Tof] dfG5]n] d kqsf/ x'F eGg'xf];\ tkfO{nfO{ s] eof] < k|df]bn] kqsf/;Fu
dnfO{ Pr\=cfO{=eL= P8\; nfu]sf] 5 / d]/f] ;fxf/f sf]xL 5}g . clxn] Pr\=cfO{=eL=
P8\; nfu]sfnfO{ :ofxf/ ug]{ cf>d v'n]sf] 5 eGg] ;'g]sf] 5' s] ToxfF k};f
nfUb}g < eG5 . hjfkmdf kqsf/n] xh'/ ToxL cf>ddf hfg'xf];\ tkfO{nfO{ ToxfF
/fd|f] :ofxf/ x'G5 / s'g} k};f nUb}g egL Toxfaf6 lx8\5 . k|df]b ca cf>dd}
hfg] lg0f{o u/L cf>d vf]hLdf af6f] ;f]Wb} ofqf ;'? u5{ . k|df]b ;f]Wb}
vf]Hb} cf>ddf k'U5 . k|df]bn] cf>dsf] cWoIfdf d'gfsf] kmf]6f] b]V5 .
k|df]bn] cfkm"n] To:tf] xfntdf 5f]8]sL d'gf cf>dsL cWoIf eGb} Ps dgn]
cf>daf6 efUg] ;f]R5 eg] csf]{ dgn] d'gf;Fu efUg' eGbf d'gf;Fu dfkm dfu]/
ljbf x'g' /fd|f] x'g] ;f]R5 . clGtddf k|df]bn] d'gf;Fu dfkm dfu]/ ljbf x'g]
lg0f{o u5{ / cf>d leq k|j]z u5{ . d'gfn] PSsf;L k|df]bnfO{ b]v]/ eml:sG5] .
k|df]b dfkmL dfUg cfPsf] atfpFb} d'gf;Fu dfkmL lbg cg'/f]w u5{ . hjfkmdf d'gfn]
dfkmL ltdLn] xf]Og dfkmL d}n] /fh;Fu dfUg'kg]{ xf] h;nfO{ d}n] hLjge/L ;fy
lbG5' eg]/ lard} k};fsf] nf]edf 5f8], ltd|f] ef}lts ;DkTtLsf] nf]edf 5f8] .
To;kl5 klg /fhn] d]/f] 5fFof;Fu k|]d u/]/ cfkm\gf] hLjgnfO{ c?sf] ;]jfdf ;dkL{t
u¥of] . o;/L hLjg ljtfO/x]sf] /fh;Fu b}jn] d]/f] e]6 u/fof] . h;sf] sf/0f /fhn]
d}n] vf]h]sf] dfof d}n] cfkm\gf] hLjge/L vf]Hbf klg kfPg t/ ltdLn] vf]h]sf]
ef}lts ;DkTtL d lbG5' egL cfkm\gf] ;Dk"0f{ ;DkTtLsf] ;fFrf] d]/f] xftdf
/fv]/ of] ;+;f/af6 ljbf eof] . /fhsf] d[To'sf] sf/0f d x'F . To;}n] /fh;Fu d}n]
dfkmL dfUg'k5{ . zfob pm d;Fu e]6\g rfxFb}g lsgsL p;sf] dfofsf] abnfdf d}n]
rf]6 lbP d[To' lbP t/ klg d}n] lhpFbf] 5Fbf dfkm dfUg g;s] klg d[To'kl5 ePklg
csf]{ hGddf ePklg dfkm dfUg rfxG5' dfof ug{ rfxG5' eGb} cfkm\gf] xftdf /x]sf]
t/sf/L sf6\g] rSs'n] cfkm\gf] 3f6L tyf z/L/sf] y'k} efudf /f]k]/ d'gfn] csf]{
hGddf /fhnfO{ dfofF ug]{ cfzfdf of] ;+;f/af6 ljbf lnG5] . cf>ddf d'gfsf]
d[To';Fu} ?jfaf;L rN5 . cf>dsf] jftfj/0f zf]sdo aG5 .
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